Abstract
The utilisation of Indigofera zollingeriana in rations as a replacement for high-protein concentrates can affect the nutritional quality of the feed. Gambier supplementation (Uncaria 17gambir) can shield the content protein from the breakdown process in the rumen so that post-rumen available amino acids are higher. This study explores the optimization of I. zollingeriana and U. gambir supplementation on feed consumption, digestibility, methane gas production, and lactation performance of Etawa Crossbreed goats. This experiment used a randomized block design with three groups and five replications. Fifteen Etawa Crossbreed goats were in their second lactation period with a body weight of 52±2 kg (n = 5 goats/group). The treatment in this study was as follows: A: field grass 60% + concentrate 40%; B: field grass 60% + concentrate 10% + Indigofera zollingeriana 30%; C: field grass 60% + concentrate 10% + I. zollingeriana 30% + U. gambir 1%. The experiment lasted for 4 weeks including an adaptation period of 7 days. Treatment of 30% I. zollingeriana and 1% U. gambir in ration significantly affected nutrient digestibility, milk yield, and the content of PUFA, MUFA, CLA, omega-3, and omega-6. Besides, this treatment significantly reduced methane gas production. Meawhile the combination of I. zollingeriana and U. gambir decreased feed composition. The content of milk protein, milk fat, milk lactose, and omega-9 were not different among treatments. In conclusion, I. zollingeriana and U. gambir supplementation are able to optimize nutrient digestibility, methane reduction, and lactation performance including milk yield, PUFA, MUFA, CLA, omega-3, and omega-6. Meanwhile, this supplementation has no impact on feed consumption, fat, protein, lactose and omega-9 of milk.
Keywords: Dairy goats, Etawa crossbreed, Indigofera zollingeriana, Lactation performance, Methane, Uncaria gambir.

Abstract
This study was designed to retrospectively report and analyze different cosmetic methods detected for tampering in dromedary camels that were presented for the King Abdulaziz Camel Festival (KACF). The medical records of 53090 camels (Camelus dromedarius) were retrospectively evaluated from February 4th, 2019 to January 12th, 2023 during the events of the 3rd to 7th seasons of the beauty shows of the KACF. Camels having different forms of tampering were examined by inspection primarily. Following, suspected camels were screened by diagnostic imaging including ultrasound, thermography and radiography, and by laboratory evaluation of testosterone and growth hormones. During the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th KACF seasons, 11912, 11526, 4635, 12634, and 12385 camels were respectively examined and 4 main methods for tampering were detected. It included injection of cosmetic fillers, stretching and binding of lips and injection of hormones. The pattern of filler injection was increased from counted 0.126 % camels in the 3rd season to reach 0.606% camels during the 7th KACF activities and showed significant difference among various seasons (?2 Value=111.258; P<0.001). Stretching of lips was also increased from only 0.034% cases at the 3rd to 2.212% camels at the 7th season (?2 Value=526.355; P<0.001). In a similar pattern, binding of lips was increased from 0.025% camels during the 3rd to 0.525% camels during the 7th season (?2 Value=129.906; P<0.001). Uses of hormones were also increased sharply from 0.008% camels at the 3rd to 0.129% camels during the 7th season. Collectively, overall tampering methods were increased from counted 0.193% camels in the 3rd season to reach 3.496% camels during the 7th KACF activities and showed significant difference among various seasons (?2 Value=508.898; P<0.001). In conclusion, a dramatic increase in tampering ways in dromedary camels presented to the KACF were noted. Therefore, a great challenge should be paid to the diagnosis of these methods that harm this creature, and even may cause undesirable permanent complications. Attention should also be paid to the new cosmetic methods that are discovered annually in camel beauty contests.
Keywords: Animals, diagnostic imaging, radiography, thermography, ultrasonography.

Abstract
The fulfillment of the lamb demand in Bali, Boerka goats was developed by the local government in 2019. Boerka goats resulting from a cross between male Boer breeds and female Kacang goats are categorized as meat goats and predicted to have good adaptation to unfavorable environments like the Kacang goats and have good meat quality like Boer goats as their parents. The study aims to analyze insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) as a gene related to the growth of Boerka goats. A total of 16 Boerka goats from a group of livestock farmers in Sanda village were used as objects of study. The blood samples were taken in a venoject tube filled with EDTA anticoagulant. DNA total was extracted from each sample and subjected to PCR with IFG-1 gene target by using IGF677F 5’-ATTACAAAGCTGCCTGCCCC-’3 and IGF879R 5’-ACCTTACCCGTATGAAAGGAATATACGT-’3 primers. PCR products were then sequenced and analyzed with the MEGA 11 program. Results of the study showed the IFG-1 gene of Boerka goats compose of nucleotides dominated by adenine base guanine (22.3%), and pyrimidine tyrosine (33.9%). In conclusion, Boerka goats raised in Bali genetically share a clade with Ovis aries and Capra malabari with a bootstrap value is 99% as a type of meat and milk goats so that Boerka goats tend to have characteristics and appearance resembling Ovis aries and Capra malabari goats.
Keywords: Boerka goats, IGF1 gene, Bali, Indonesia

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate hypotheses related to critical-size bone defect reconstruction and compare the radiological parameters of Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and calcium phosphate (CaP) bone materials. The research involved 36 healthy dogs divided into three groups (A, B, and C) with 12 animals in each group. Group A was treated with an intramedullary pin (IM-pin), group B was treated with PMMA in combination with an IM-pin, and group C was treated with CaP based bone graft material in combination with an IM-pin. The study assessed various endpoints at 14th, 28th, 45th, and 60th days post-surgery. The results indicate that regular radiological assessments were conducted in all three groups to evaluate fracture alignment and bone healing. On day 14th post-surgery, all groups showed appropriate fracture alignment, with varying degrees of gap reduction. Group A (IM pin only) had minimal gap reduction, while groups B (IM pin + PMMA) and C (CaP + IM pin) showed slight gap reduction. By day 28th, all groups demonstrated evidence of bone healing and callus formation, with groups B and C showing clearer callus formation in radiographs. In contrast, group A had considerable gap reduction due to increased immature callus formation and hyperplasia of surrounding tissues. On day 45th, substantial bone healing and callus formation were observed in all groups. Groups B and C exhibited prominent callus formation, indicating rapid healing and gap filling, while in group A, radiographs showed growth on both sides but an unfilled gap. By day 60th, fracture union was evident in groups B and C, while animals in group A treated with the IM pin only showed randomized luxation and an increased gap. It was concluded from the present study that radiographic results show the IM-Pin PMMA has proved to be the ideal implant material for femur bone fracture in dogs.
Keywords: Femur, Fracture, Intramedullary pin, Polymethylmethacrylate, Calcium phosphate.

Abstract
This study investigates the impact of age, parity, and frequency of milking on the susceptibility of three dromedary camel breeds to subclinical mastitis (SCM). The study involved 133 animals from the Al-Qassim region of Saudi Arabia, assessing systemic, milk, immunological, and bacterial characteristics, and determining the likelihood of SCM through somatic cell count (SCC) and bacterial count of milk. Blood and milk samples were analyzed for bacterial counts, somatic cell count, and immunoglobulin G (IgG), lactoferrin (LTF), and lactoperoxidase (LPO) concentrations. ELISA kits were used to quantify serum Cam-TNF-? and Cam-IL-6 Cam-IL-10 concentrations. SCC and milk examination were used to determine the tendency to form SCM. The study found a significant increase in SCC in Majahem and Shaele camels (P<0.001) after TAD milking and age >7 years (P<0.001), while a decline in Wadha camels (P<0.05). All breeds showed an increase in SCC at parity >2, with Majahem and Shaele most affected by factors like increased SCC and bacteriological examination. The study examined the impact of factors on serum IgG, LTF, and LPO in different breeds of camels. Results presented significant (P<0.05) elevations in serum IgG and LPO in Majahem, Wadha, and Shaele camels (P<0.01), while milk LTF increased significantly (P<0.05) in Shaele camels. The study found that after TAD milking, Majahem camels showed increased TNF-? (P<0.05), IL-6 (P<0.001) and IL-10 (P<0.05) levels, while Shaele camels showed a decrease in TNF-? (P<0.001) and a decline in IL-10 (P<0.05), indicating excellent indicator of udder status. The study highlights the importance of understanding microbiology, SCC, and immune parameters of milk camel breeds for hygienic practices. It highlights the need for early detection of SCM in camel milk, promoting further research to improve detection performance.
Keywords: Lactating Dromedary Camels, Lactoferrin, Antioxidants, Immunity, Camel milk, Subclinical mastitis.

Abstract
Lumpy skin disease, also known as LSD, is a highly contagious and economically devastating transboundary disease that affects cattle and water buffaloes. This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with lumpy skin disease outbreaks and evaluate the effectiveness of a potential vaccination for the condition in two districts (Blitar and Sidoarjo) of East Java. The data were gathered through questionnaires completed via personal interviews. The collected data encompassed demographic information, herd sizes, breeds, and other relevant factors that were present throughout LSD epidemics. Descriptive statistics and univariate logistic regression models were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that keeping local breeds (P=0.043; OR= 0.19; CI=0.217–0.004), having a large herd size (P<0.001; OR=0.436; CI=0.406–0.163), not using a separate pen for the new cattle (P=0.001; OR=0.136; CI=0.136–0.562), presence of flies on the farms (P<0.001; OR=0.162; CI=0.081–0.325), selling of animals during the LSD outbreak (P=0.006; OR=0.232; CI=0.071–0.755), use of vaccine in the rainy season (P=0.027; OR=1.137; CI=1.018–1.269) and outdoor (grazing) (P=0.001) were significantly associated with the occurrence of LSD in the studied area. It was found that the wet season affects vaccine efficacy. The findings of the current study provide valuable preliminary information on the factors contributing to the spread of the disease and the effectiveness of the vaccine in controlling it, which can be used to develop effective control strategies and policies to minimize the impact of LSD on the livestock industry in Indonesia.
Keywords: Risk factors; Efficacy; Lumpy skin Disease; Vaccine; Indonesia.

Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are highly infectious, particularly among stray cats, with reported cases documented worldwide. This retrospective study analyzed cats infected with FeLV and FIV or co-infected with both in the Thonburi area of Bangkok from 2018 to 2022. A total of 830 cats were admitted to the animal clinic exhibiting clinical signs of depression, emaciation, ataxia, pale mucous membrane, gingivitis and corneal opacity. Twenty-nine cats tested positive for FeLV (3.49%), ranging in age from 2 to 60 months, while 16 cats tested positive for FIV (1.93%), ranging in age from 5 to 96 months and 30 cats tested positive for both FeLV and FIV (3.61%) with ages ranging from 4 to 108 months. None of the infected cats had received vaccination against FeLV or FIV and they were raised in an open husbandry system. Co-infection with FeLV and FIV was associated with a higher incidence of Mycoplasma spp. infection compared to cats infected with FeLV (P<0.001) or FIV (P<0.001) alone. Anemia was observed in co-infection with FeLV-FIV (24.24+9.97%), leukocytosis in co-infection with FeLV-FIV (21.38?21.66?103 cell/?L), neutrophilia in FeLV (64.28+16.28?103 cell/?L), FIV (67.19+11.92?103 cell/?L) and FeLV+FIV (64.03+17.09?103 cell/?L). Thrombocytopenia was found in FeLV+FIV (247.13+148.98?103 cell/?L), with increased BUN in FeLV, FIV and FeLV+FIV, increased creatinine in FIV and elevated ALT in FeLV+FIV infected cats.
Keywords: Cats, FeLV, FIV, Hematology, Serum biochemistry.

Abstract
The Kushum horse breed is very popular in Kazakhstan due to its adaptability to local conditions and high meat and dairy qualities. Obtaining new intra-breed types of this breed is necessary to improve the genetic potential and achieve high indicators of meat and dairy productivity. The purpose of this study was to develop a new intra-breed type “Mamyr-Aktobe”. Breeding work was carried out with the following livestock of the producing composition n=318, including stallions 18 animal units, mares – 300 units. The genealogical structure of promising branches of breeding lines of Kushum horses has been analysed, and their meat and milk parameters were evaluated. Adult stallions of the new intra-breed type have high measurements and live weight: the average height at the withers is 157.9cm, the oblique length of the trunk is 163.5cm, the chest and pastern girth are 205.2 and 22cm, respectively, the live weight is 656.2kg, and the massiveness index is 149.3%. For mares, the average height at the withers is 152.5cm, the indicator of the oblique length of the trunk is 160.2cm. The circumference of the chest and pastern is 188.7 and 20cm, respectively. On average, mares of the new intra-breed type weigh 529kg, and their massiveness index is 139%. Based on these characteristics, the new intra-breed type “Mamyr-Aktobe” can be used to improve the breeding qualities of the Kushum horse breed, as well as in meat and dairy farming.
Keywords: Horse breeding; Live weight; Massiveness index; Dairy productivity; Pasture-wintering management.

Abstract
Subclinical mastitis continues to be a common issue for small-scale dairy cow farmers in Indonesia. This disease poses significant challenges for farmers as it can lead to a reduction in milk production, resulting in severe economic losses. This study involved 126 dairy cows with lactation periods ranging from 1 to 5, sourced from 29 different farmers, totalling 504 quarters examined. The research utilized a case study method with field exploration conducted in Toyomerto Village, Batu Sub District, Batu City, East Java, Indonesia. The analysis of subclinical mastitis was carried out using the California Mastitis Test (CMT). The findings of the study revealed a prevalence of subclinical mastitis in Toyomerto Village at 69.84% (n=88). Among all the tested teats, 41.47% of them were detected with subclinical mastitis, with the highest prevalence observed in the right hind teats, totalling 27.27%. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows from small farms in Toyomerto Village remains notably high. The continued lack of attention to sanitation and cleanliness remains a primary factor in the high prevalence of mastitis.
Keywords: Dairy cows, Prevalence, Subclinical mastitis.

Abstract
Buffaloes are more susceptible to heat stress because they have poor thermoregulation due to fewer sweat glands. Like other livestock, buffaloes receive body heat from internal metabolic processes and the environment. This study investigates the relationship between buffalo thermoregulatory responses to microclimate and feed consumption in 12 Swamp buffalo heifers. This research was carried out in three sub-districts in West Sumatra, Indonesia, which were classified as low-land (Nan Sebaris District, Padang Pariaman Regency), moderate-land (Guguk District, 50 Kota Regency), and high-land (Batipuh District, Tanah Datar Regency). The Latin Square Design was used as the research design in three locations (4 heads per location) with varying microclimate conditions (altitude) and feed energy contents (TDN). F0 (buffaloes fasted for 24 hours), F1 (TDN = 58–60%), F2 (TDN = 63–65%), and F3 (TDN = 68–70%) were the feed treatments. The microclimate (ambient temperature-Ta and Temperature Humidity Index-THI), feed consumption (dry matter-DM and Total Digestible Nutrient-TDN), and thermoregulatory responses (rectal temperature-Tr, mean skin surface temperature-mTs, body temperature-Tb, heart rate-HR, and respiratory rate-RR) were all recorded. On days 11, 14, 17, and 20, environmental parameters and physiological responses were measured every 3 hours. The findings confirm that microclimate and feed consumption impact thermoregulatory responses. When the energy content of the feed increased, all thermoregulatory responses increased significantly (P<0.05). In conclusion, the buffalo thermoregulatory response was sensitive to changes in feed intake and microclimate variation. This study could help guide buffalo-raising management in various microclimate areas to achieve optimal productivity.
Keywords: Altitude, Heat stress, TDN intake, Temperature humidity index.

Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an economically consequential animal pathogen that engenders substantial financial losses in the realm of cattle farming, and it maintains a prevalent presence on a global scale. Presently, the prevailing modality employed for its detection is enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which necessitates the use of sophisticated instrumentation, protracts the duration of analysis, and is primarily suited for laboratory-based diagnostics. Regrettably, ELISAs do not lend themselves to convenient on-site detection within cattle farms. To surmount this predicament, colloidal gold particles were synthesized using tri-sodium citrate reduction, and subsequently harnessed to label the E2 protein (E2-Au). By amalgamating the gold standard binding release pad with colloidal E2-Au, we have devised a comprehensive assay system. The nitrocellulose membrane serves as the platform, whereby the detection line is adorned with E2-Au, while the quality control line is coated with proprietary polyclonal rabbit antibodies specific to E2. The method yields results within a span of 10-15 minutes, exhibiting an impressive total compliance rate of 93.36% (239/256) when compared to the commercial kit. The E2 test strip demonstrates specific reactivity with the anti-BVDV antibody, while avoiding any cross-reactivity with antibodies targeting Brucella, bovine foot and mouth disease, Mycobacterium bovis, bovine para-tuberculosis, bovine pasteurellosis, and bovine infectious rhinotracheitis. Consequently, the E2 strips offer heightened specificity, cost-effectiveness, and ease of operation, rendering them more convenient and expedient in comparison to ELISA kits. Utilizing the E2 strips, a comprehensive assessment encompassing 36 cattle farms and 2035 cattle in the vicinity of Xinjiang, China, was conducted. The positive rate within the group reached an impressive 91.67%, with individual positive rates standing at 54.05%.
Keywords: Bovine viral diarrhea virus; Colloidal gold; Test strip; Epidemiological investigation, Bovine disease.

Abstract
The text explores crucial technologies for safeguarding genetic resources, particularly local goats in Indonesia, emphasizing methods to protect oocytes essential for in vitro maturation and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) or stocks. Vitrification is identified as the optimal choice for preserving oocyte stocks. The study investigates the impact of heat shock on thawed goat oocytes, focusing on Malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels. Comparing a commercial cryoprotectant (P1) with ethylene glycol 30% and 1M sucrose (P2), the results reveal a significant difference in MDA levels between P1 (0.081±0.023) and P2 (0.421±0.053). Additionally, a trend suggests no statistically significant difference in 8-OHdG levels between commercial media (7614.08±250.56) and EG 30% + 1M sucrose (7815.02±191.91). In conclusion, the study underscores the complexities associated with cryoprotectant concentration, confirming that ethylene glycol 30% with 1M sucrose can effectively vitrify goat oocytes with careful exposure during warming and adherence to vitrification protocols.
Keywords: In vitro maturation, MDA, 8-OhdG, Oocyte, Vitrification, Food security.

Abstract
A total of 20,823 Holstein × Lai Sind crossbred dairy cows from three farms in Central and East-Southern Vietnam were examined to clarify the prevalence of clinical mastitis and evaluate its effects from July to October 2022. The results indicated that clinical mastitis in cows was present at a relatively low rate (7.05%), and the high-density farms had a higher rate of clinical mastitis in cows than in other farms. In a hot, humid month, the incidence of clinical mastitis in cows (7.78%) was higher than in other months in this study, especially in the high-density farm. Cows at the first parity were clinical mastitis (32.58%) higher than at other parities, followed by cows at the second parity. As indicated, farm scale, months, and parity affected the incidence of clinical mastitis in cows in those survey farms. Clinical mastitis caused the fluctuation in milk yield, which was determined at 15.45±8.67 to 18.44±0.72 kg/cow/day; moreover, the milk yield of clinical mastitis cows in the large-scale farm showed a significant fluctuation. Among examined bacterial pathogens, Streptococcus agalactia (34.65%) was the most detected from milk samples of clinical mastitis cows, followed by Klebsiella (14.47%) and Escherichia coli (10.09%), but Staphylococcus spp. was present at the lowest rate (0.88%). The treatment followed the veterinarian’s guidelines and was adequate for clinical mastitis cows in this study within five days (79.15%). Thus, mastitis management in dairy farms is significantly required to prevent disease spreading in farms, especially in high-density herds.
Keywords: Bacterial pathogens, Clinical mastitis, Dairy cows, Milk yield, Vietnam

Abstract
One of the most commonly used hypertensive rat models is the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive model. However, there is limited research on whether this model can induce cardiac hypertrophy. This study aimed to provide a reliable animal model for chronic hypertension that triggers cardiac hypertrophy using an echocardiographic approach to detect changes in cardiac performance. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to normal and DOCA-salt groups. Induction of chronic hypertension with cardiac hypertrophy was carried out by uninephrectomy, DOCA (20mg/kg/b.w) dissolved in 0.1mL of dimethylformamide (DMF) subcutaneously twice weekly and 1% NaCl in drinking water daily for five weeks. Blood pressure (BP) and echocardiography were observed. Serum was taken and checked for CK-MB and LDH. qRT-PCR determined the mRNA expression of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). Furthermore, we examined the histopathological characteristics of cardiac tissue. In the DOCA-salt model, BP were significantly increased, echocardiography showed that left ventricular end-diastolic posterior wall thickness (LVPWd), interventricular septal end-diastole thickness (IVSd) was significantly increased (P<0.01, respectively) and also exhibited decreased left ventricular internal diameter end-diastole (LVIDd). There was a significant increase in CK-MB, LDH activity, and mRNA expression of BNP in DOCA-salt group. Additionally, histopathological changes in cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area indicate cellular hypertrophy of the heart upon DOCA-salt administration. The findings showed that uninephrectomy with subcutaneous injection of DOCA dissolved in 0.1mL DMF followed by administration of 1% NaCl in drinking water could be a reliable animal model for chronic hypertension that triggers cardiac hypertrophy.
Keywords: Animal model, cardiac hypertrophy, DOCA, Echocardiography, Hypertension

Abstract
This study explored the reproductive status of Lusitu pigs, in comparison with the Large white genotype, in terms of their morphology and motility metrics. At least five ejaculates were collected from each boar, with a total of 60 analyzed for sperm morphology and kinematic parameters. Data were analyzed descriptively using means and standard deviations and inferentially with a Two-Way nested ANOVA. Both Lusitu and Large white genotypes generally had similar sperm head length, width, area, and perimeter (P>0.05). However, shape varied, particularly ellipticity and rugosity (P<0.05); effect of individual boar on ellipticity and rugosity was also significant (P<0.05). In terms of kinematic parameters, especially Wobble, Linearity, and ALH, Lusitu boars were of a lower fertility status than large white considering the observed mean scores (P<0.05). Fertility superiority of the Large white boar sperm was more evidenced when incubated with a hyperactivating medium; most kinematic parameters varied significantly between the two breed groups (P<0.05). A higher (P<0.05) proportion of Large white boar sperm (61.48%) switched to a hyperactive state compared with those of Lusitu (45.20%) boars. All kinematic parameters for Lusitu boar sperm in non-hyperactivating compared with those in hyperactivating medium varied in respect to their mean scores (P<0.05). It is concluded that breed had an effect on morphology and kinematic characteristics of boar sperm incubated in the two media. The CASA system can be used to determine the morphology and kinematic characteristics of Lusitu boar semen during fertility evaluation.
Keywords: Bacterial pathogens, Clinical mastitis, Dairy cows, Milk yield, Vietnam

Abstract
Supplementing oils in dairy ration containing polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) increased fatty acid profiles in ration and such an energy source for dairy cow. The high level of supplementing might increase the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) contained in dairy milk but reduce rumen fermentation and digestion characteristics. This study aimed to identify the effect of supplementing vegetable oil micro-encapsulation on rumen fermentability and digestibility. The experiment used a 6×5 factorial randomized block design with three replications. Rumen liquor was obtained from fistulated dairy cow Frisien Holstein. The first factor was the vegetable-based oil (corn, palm, sunflower, soybean, sesame, and canola), and the second factor was the percentage level of micro-encapsulated vegetable oils supplementation (0, 4, 5, 6, and 7). The results showed that supplementing micro-encapsulation vegetable oil significantly decreased (P<0.05) the pH score, protozoal and bacteria population, NH3 concentration, and ration digestibility. The variation of oil used significantly influenced pH score, total VFA concentration, and digestibility, except for OMD. Interaction effects between two factors were found in total protozoa population and NH3 concentration. Micro-encapsulation vegetable oil should be considered with fatty acid content and availability of oil, but the supplement levels should be given under 4% to reach the optimal results and not interfere with rumen microbial.
Keywords: Digestibility, Fermentability, Micro-encapsulation, Vegetable Oil

Abstract
Subclinical mastitis prevention in dairy cows necessitates the use of effective pre- and post-milking udder preparations. Many imported post-milking udder treatments have proven ineffective and costly, prompting the exploration of composite preparations based on chemical compounds. This study aims to assess the bactericidal properties of Promixan, a preparation based on Anavidin and its impact on subclinical mastitis prevention and milk quality under production conditions. The experimental study took place at two Republic of Kazakhstan farms. Three groups of cows, comprising those with subclinical mastitis (for disease treatment) and healthy cows (for disease prevention), were selected. To evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of post-milking udder treatments, microbial concentration dynamics were observed every two hours until the subsequent milking. Promixan exhibited 98.1 and 96.7% effectiveness in preventing subclinical mastitis in healthy cows at the Adal Agro-Industrial Complex farm and E.S. Aidarbayev farm, respectively, after 4 hours of exposure. In the group of sick cows, it demonstrated effectiveness rates of 95.3 and 94.3%, respectively. These results indicate that Promixan matches or surpasses the bactericidal properties of analogs. When used on sick cows, Promixan outperformed Blockade and Vet Clean I-Film by 2.1 and 2.2%, respectively, indicating its comparable effectiveness. Experimental studies revealed that Promixan’s bactericidal properties surpassed those of Blockade and Vet Clean I-Film by 3.4 and 3.3%, respectively. Promixan effectively forms a bacteriological protective film on cow udder teats, preventing microbial penetration into the skin, and proves to be a viable alternative to existing treatments for subclinical mastitis prevention in dairy cows under production conditions.
Keywords: Sanitary treatment, Subclinical mastitis, Bacteriological protection, Udder teat, Mastitis prevention, Bacterial contamination.

Abstract
The cranial cervical ganglion (CCG) is a part of the cervical sympathetic chain located in the head and neck where it provides sympathetic input to their structures. In addition, CCG is associated with some neuropathies including Horner’s syndrome. S-100 is a biologically active protein that is initially detected in peripheral nerves and glial cells. Its immunoreaction in mammalian peripheral nervous system has been thoroughly illustrated. Similar data, however, seem to be lacking regarding dromedary camels. This study aimed to describe the histological structure and S-100 immuno-reactivity of dromedary camel CCG using conventionally processed microscopic slides. The CCG was covered by a dense capsule of connective tissue which sent connective tissue septa to form ganglionic units; the units mainly contained principal ganglion neurons (PGNs), satellite glial cells (SGCs), and small intensely fluorescent cells (SIFCs). Myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibers, Schwann cells, collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and blood capillaries were also present between the ganglionic units. Small-sized, medium-sized, and large-sized PGNs were detected with significantly different diameter lengths (P<0.05). S-100 immuno-staining was negative in the connective tissue septa, ganglionic connective tissue capsule, fibroblasts, blood vessels, and SIFCs. PGNs were S-100 positive with some neurons exhibiting negative to weak reactions. S-100 immunoreactivity was present in the glial capsules, SGCs, myelinated axons, and Schwann cells. In conclusion, as in other mammals, the ganglionic units of dromedary camel CCG are mainly formed of PGNs, glial cells, and SIFCs comprising the ganglion’s morphological triads. Further, the study indicated the immuno-reactivity of S-100 protein both in neuronal and glial elements of camel CCG.
Keywords: Cranial cervical ganglia, Dromedary camel, Histology, S-100 protein expression, Animal Tissue

Abstract
This study aims to determine the hatching performance of Kokok Balenggek chicken (KBC) using different males as the formation of superior local meat-type chickens. The study used an experimental method, randomized block design (RBD), with eight treatments and three groups. The treatment was male KBC (G0) and the group was the hatching period. Chickens are mated using Artificial Insemination (AI) with a sex ratio of 1:5. A total of 594 KBC egg were selected. The variables of this study consisted of fertility rate (FR%), embryonic mortality (EM%), hatchability of fertile egg (HRF%), and day-old chick (DOC) viability. Data were analyzed using Minitab version 19. The results of the study showed that individual differences in males had non-significant (P>0.05) effect on FR, EM, HRF and DOC viability. The average FR was (73.38%), EM (30.96%), HRF (69.04%) and DOC viability (90.73%). The macroscopic examination of KBC-G0 semen indicated volume as 0.31±0.11mL, consistency to be thick creamy with a milky white color and pH as 7.35±0.17. The microscopic examination of KBC-G0 semen indicated average ++ mass movement and sperm motility, viability and abnormality of spermatozoa to be 71.25±8.35, 78.34±6.22 and 11.67±2.90%, respectively whereas concentration of spermatozoa was 210.46±43.68 x 107 sperm/mL spermatozoa. In conclusion, the eight males KBC have the same and good hatching performance so can be used as males to produce KBC (G1) in the formation of superior local meat type chickens.
Keywords: DOC Viability, Fertility, Hatchability, Mortality, Semen Quality.

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) in canine mammary gland tumors (CMT) and to investigate the expression relationship with clinical and histopathological parameters. Forty-six CMT tissues were immunohistochemically probed for the expression of FGFR2, FGFR3 and FGFR4 using rabbit polyclonal antibodies. The expression of each receptor was analyzed (Fisher’s exact test) for its relationship with clinical parameters (breed size, age, neuter status, involvement of inguinal mammary gland, number of glands involved) and histopathology (mitotic index, tumor size, tumor grade, PCNA and Vimentin expression). Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox-Regression were performed for survival analysis. The proteins (FGFR2, -3 and -4) were localized to the membrane and cytoplasm. Forty-five tumors (97.8%) expressed both FGFR2 and FGFR3. The FGFR4 was expressed in 42 (91.3%) of the tumors. The expression of FGFR2 was significantly associated with histopathology grade 3 of the tumors (P=0.027). FGFR3 expression was not associated with any clinical or histopathology parameters. FGFR4 expression was associated with large breed dogs (P=0.044), and large tumor size (>3cm) (P=0.045), but none of the proteins expressed predicted post-surgical survival in the dogs. In this study, FGFR2 expression has indicated its usefulness in CMT as an indicator of increased tumor malignancy, while FGFR4 expression has demonstrated the ability to identify high stage tumors. Based on these findings, FGFR2 and 4 can be used as markers for advanced and aggressive CMT.
Keywords: Canine mammary tumors, FGFR, Immunohistochemistry, Western blot.

Abstract
The current study aims to determine the most dominant and zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) affecting camels in Giza Governorate in Egypt, and spotlight on hemonchosis among camels. A total of three hundred live camels at Elmoneib, and Kerdasa regions in Giza Governorate, Egypt were used for parasitological and sero-prevalence surveys, during the period extended from December 2022 to March 2023. Coprolological examination revealed that the overall prevalence of GIPs among camels was 80%. The animals harbored nine parasites including the zonotic ones Fasciola sp. (2%), Schistosoma sp. (1.7%), Cryptosporidium sp. (6.3%), and Balantidium coli (4%), furthermore Strongylida sp. (51.3%), Strongyloides sp. (8%), Trichuris sp. (8%), Moniezia sp. (2.7%) and Eimeria sp. (33.3%). The larvae of Haemonhcus sp. were observed in 89.6% (138/154) of the positive samples for strongyles; with 46% (138/300) of the total samples. Young and adult animals were significantly infected with Eimeria sp. (68%) and storngyles (54.4%), respectively. The age of the camel is considered a risk factor for Eimeria sp. (OR = 4.9157, 95 % CI: 2.041 – 11.8382), Fasciola sp. (OR =183.6667, 95 % CI: 9.9761 – 3381.4271) and Schistosoma sp. (OR =3.7664 (0.2058 – 68.9247). No significant difference associated with the GIP infection based on camels’ sex has been recorded. The seroprevalence of hemonchosis was 93.3%. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between fecal egg count and total immunoglobulin G (IgG) level in the infected sera. The study elicited that GIPs are highly prevalent and Haemonchus sp. is the most common gastrointestinal nematode among camels. The IgG response might be used as marker for monitoring the intensity of gastrointestinal nematodes infection. The periodical evaluation of GIPs is of great significance for food security and preventing the transmission of parasitic and zoonotic diseases.
Keywords: Camels, Prevalence, Gastrointestinal parasites, Hemonchosis, Seroprevalence, Immunoglobuline G

Abstract
Ovarian hypofunction is marked by the absence of a follicle or corpus luteum, which leads to a smooth ovarian surface during rectal examination. Furthermore, cattle affected by this disease experience an extended period of anestrus, where they do not display signs of estrus. This condition can be treated by administering gonadotropin hormones. One reliable source of these hormones is the bovine pituitary, which contains follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Therefore, this study aims to demonstrate the efficacy of bovine pituitary extract as a source of FSH in enhancing follicle development and inducing estrus response in cattle with ovarian hypofunction. The study was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design with two groups: a control group and a treatment group. In the control group, cattle were injected with a placebo (Physiological NaCl) of 1.5mL intramuscularly in two repetitions. Meanwhile, 1.5mL of bovine pituitary extract was injected into cattle intramuscularly in the treatment group. FSH levels were measured at the Integrated Biomedical Laboratory, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University. The administration of treatment and observation of estrus occurrence in Bali cattle were conducted in the Livestock and Breeding Center, Sobangan Village, Mengwi Sub-district, Badung Regency, Indonesia. The results showed that the FSH level in bovine pituitary tissue extract was 189.34 mIU/mL, while the diameter of the ovarian follicle increased from 5.13±0.4mm to 10.86±0.29mm. The time of estrus occurrence was 4.56±0.81 days after the administration of the extract. We concluded that administering 0.5g of pituitary extract could increase follicle development and induce estrus in cows with ovarian hypofunction.
Keywords: Bovine Pituitary Extract, Ovarian Follicle Diameter, Estrus Occurrence Time, FSH Level.

Abstract
Horse strangles is an acute infectious disease that manifests itself sporadically, enzootically, and epizootically and is widespread in Kazakhstan, where it mainly affects foals and young horses. The causative agent of strangles is the bacterium Streptococcus equi. In conditions of global antibiotic resistance, bacteriophages can become an effective means of treating horse stranglers. The research aim is to develop a new phage therapy against horse strangles using a local test strain of Streptococcus equi, namely bio-material isolated from a foal with strangles. When working with bacteriophages, the following methods were used: the Appelman (serial dilutions) and Grazia (agar layers) methods were used the isolation of bacteriophages and nutrient media GRM agar and GRM broth were used for the cultivation of bacteria and their phages. As a result, 6 bacteriophages were isolated from the studied 117 samples from the collected samples, after studying their basic biological properties, it was decided in further work to select the 1 most active bacteriophage specific to Streptococcus equi. This 1 bacteriophage was sequenced and registered in the Streptococcus phage BV0002 GenBank “Bank It2666451 Bacteriophagum OQ319049” (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/OQ319049). Genome-wide sequencing was performed on an automatic genome-wide sequencer Ion Torrent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, using the Ion XpressPlus Fragment Library Kit (Waltham, MA, USA). As a result, taking into account the highest percentage of identity of the analysed sequence in the international database using the BLAST algorithm, as well as the results of phylogenetic analysis, it was found that the selected bacteriophage belongs to the family Myoviridae, characteristic of the species Bacteriophagum Streptococcus equi.
Keywords: Horse strangles; Bacteriophage; Biological material; Test strains; Streptococcus equi; Environmental objects

Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that significantly threatens dairy productivity. With the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, it has become necessary to find alternative antimicrobial agents. Spirogyra neglecta, a filamentous green alga, is known for its diverse bioactive compounds. This study uses various solvents to investigate the antimicrobial potential of S. neglecta extracts against mastitis-inducing pathogens. The results show that methanol extract has the highest efficacy in inhibiting bacterial growth, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 8.75-200mg/mL. These findings highlight the promising antimicrobial capabilities of S. neglecta and its potential as a natural agent in combatting mastitis-inducing pathogens. This research paves the way for further exploration and utilization of S. neglecta in veterinary and pharmaceutical applications.
Keywords: Spirogyra neglecta, Mastitis, Antibacterial, Alternative therapeutics.

Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is caused by a gamma coronavirus and is a highly infectious disease of chickens that is problematic for commercial chicken producers around the world. A major problem for managing this disease is the ability of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) to mutate and generate new variants and serotypes that yield current vaccines less protective. Numerous new serotypes and variants have emerged that are unique to geographical regions around the globe. Antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) is a phenomenon in which either non-neutralizing antibodies, or suboptimal (i.e., low) levels of neutralizing antibodies, facilitate entry into cells and promote increased viral replication. In this short communication, we report preliminary in vitro evidence of ADE using a chicken egg embryo model and a vaccine strain of IBV. To our knowledge, ADE has neither been reported nor explored for any viral disease of birds.
Keywords: Antibody dependent enhancement, Infectious bronchitis virus, Chicken coronavirus

Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effects of parity on different reproductive parameters including gestation length (GL), litter size (LS), litter birth weight (LBW), mean individual birth weight (MBW), and number of born dead piglets per litter (BDP) in Landrace x Yorkshire sows. Data was collected from 773 litters born from 773 sows raised on one farm in Northern Vietnam. Based on parity number, sows were categorized into 5 groups, i.e., 1, 2, 3-5, 6-7, and >7. One-way analysis of variance tests was used to compare the GL, LS, LBW, MBW, and BDP among the 5 groups. Results showed that parity significantly affected all the studied reproductive parameters. GL was longest in parities 1 and 6-7 (P<0.05). LS, LBW, and MBW were lowest in parity 1 (P<0.05) and remained stable in the later parities. BDP increased when the parity increased with the lowest value in parity 1 and highest values in parities 6-7 and >7 (P<0.05). This result enriches the understanding of the effect of parity on reproductive performance and may contribute to the management and culling strategies on farms to maximize the farm’s benefit.
Keywords: Birth weight, Litter size, Parity, Reproductive performance, Sows, Stillbirth

Abstract
A 4-year-old female Golden Retriever dog was brought to the Animal Health Centre with complaints of anorexia, purulent and blood-tinged discharge, and white foamy vomit. The dog was clinically diagnosed with pyometra and was successfully treated with ovariohysterectomy. Bacteriological testing revealed a bacterial infection with Proteus vulgaris that was resistant to antibiotics including vancomycin, novobiocin, and penicillin. Histopathological examination showed multifocal cystic hyperplasia of the endometrial glands, severe abscessation of the glandular lumen, and severe infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the muscle layer. The dog recovered and showed normal hematology and biochemical parameters after ovariohysterectomy, antibiotics administrations, and supportive care. This case report including the diagnosis and surgical management of pyometra will be a very important resource for the development of small animal clinical skills and clinical training in Mongolia.
Keywords: Dog, Ovariohysterectomy, Pyometra, Treatment.

Abstract
This study compared the effectiveness of once used versus new Controlled Internal Drug Release (CIDR) device in CIDR co-synch protocol for resuming reproductive function in anestrous buffaloes during low breeding season. Either a new (T1, n=19) or once used CIDR (T2, n=31) was inserted into the vagina of buffalo on a random day (d0) and removed on d7. Buffaloes in both treatment groups received GnRH at the time of CIDR insertion and PGF2? during its removal. At 60-66 hrs after CIDR removal, fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) was done and GnRH was injected. Ovarian status during CIDR insertion, corpus luteum (CL) size on 8-9 d after FTAI and pregnancy diagnosis were determined using transrectal ultrasonography. There was no significant difference between the two treatment groups in terms of estrus expression, ovulation, pregnancy rates and local inflammatory response into the vagina of treated buffaloes. Although FTAI pregnancy rate was 16%, the overall pregnancy from FTAI and natural breeding within 50 d after FTAI was 42%. Estrus expression was affected by the ovarian cyclicity status at the start of the protocol. The size of the CL during 8-9 d after FTAI was larger in pregnant buffaloes as compared to non-pregnant buffaloes. In conclusion, the once used CIDR was as effective as the new CIDR for resuming reproductive function in anestrous buffaloes during low breeding season, however, the efficacy of protocol depended on the ovarian cyclicity status at the start of the protocol and the size of CL during 8-9 d after FTAI.
Keywords: Buffalo, CIDR, Estrus expression, Ovulation, Pregnancy, Ovarian cyclicity.

Abstract
Of 127 cattle feces samples collected in the Mekong Delta from March to June 2023, 121 samples were positive for E. coli (95.28%). In those surveyed households, there was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of E. coli in cattle of different ages, dairy or beef. The antimicrobial susceptibility test indicated that those E. coli strains were susceptible to ceftazidime (87.27%), cefuroxime (89.09%), amikacin, and doxycycline (90.91%). However, E. coli strains were remarkably resistant to ampicillin (81.82%), streptomycin and tetracycline (74.55%), colistin and chloramphenicol (70.91%), amoxicillin/clav.acid (65.45%). Moreover, 63.64% of examined E. coli strains were resistant to one to twelve antibiotics, and the resistant pattern of Am + Ac + Co + Sm + Te + Cl accounted for the highest rate (16.36%). By PCR method, the presence of genes encoding antibiotic resistance was determined, in which the tetA gene had the highest presence (69.09%), and the lowest was the blaTEM gene (18.18%). Most E. coli (34.55%) strains harbored two to four antibiotic resistance genes, and the phenotypes of cat1 + sulII and sulII + tetA were the most common (5.45%). Using the PCR method to determine the presence of virulence genes, it was recorded that the tsh gene had the highest presence rate (54.55%), and the lowest was the fyuA gene (12.73%). Those E. coli strains (23.63%) could carry two to four virulence genes, and the most common pattern was astA + tsh (9.09%). Thus, the prevalence of pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant E. coli in cattle was critical to protect animal and human health.
Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Cattle, E. coli, Household, Pathogenic genes.