Abstract
Subclinical infections are common in the poultry industry such as Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis and Marek’s disease. This study aims to determine the prevalence of subclinical necrotic enteritis caused by C. perfringens and Marek’s disease. For C. Perfringens, 100 blood samples from 20 intensive poultry broiler farms were collected from June 2020 to September 2020 and analyzed. Upon examining intestinal samples, different degrees of intestinal lesions were noticed, which varied from normal to severe necrosis based on a 0 to 3 scoring system. The blood samples were investigated using an ELISA kit to detect the presence of antibodies against C. perfringens. Non-significant difference was noticed between the different farms and different lesion scores. The prevalence of C. perfringens in chickens in North Jordan flocks is 14.8%. A significant difference using the chi-square test (P=0.004) was noted between infected and non-infected farms. Certain farms showed limited cases (1-2 cases), while others showed higher infections. The prevalence of Marek’s disease was investigated in Amman’s municipality slaughterhouse and suspected broiler farms located in the Amman region by histopathology and ELISA. For the subclinical MD investigation, a total of 100 chickens from Amman’s municipality slaughterhouse were examined where blood samples were tested for antibody presence by ELISA kit together with histopathology, for the clinical MD investigation, 100 chickens from 10 broiler farms were examined by histopathology and ELISA. Blood samples collected from clinical and subclinical cases and tested by ELISA showed a 70% prevalence of Marek’s Disease. Of the tissues collected from the slaughterhouse, 30% of the liver samples (average age of 35 days) showed pathological changes. Microscopic examination of tissues showed pleomorphic cell proliferation in the spleen (23%) and liver (20%). It was concluded that clinical and subclinical forms of C. perfringens infections and Marek’s disease is prevalent in Jordan.
Keywords: Marek’s Disease, Clostridium Perfringens, Broilers, Subclinical, Ischaitic Nerve, ELISA.

Abstract
The camel festival beauty show is hold annually in Saudi Arabia where camels are examined from different countries worldwide. Owing to the huge awards given to the owners of the most beautiful camels in this contest, some camel owners therefore try to alter the look of their animals through different cosmetic methods of tampering. Current review is written to focus on the topic of cosmetics in dromedary camels. It will especially focus firstly on beauty standards in camels followed by tampering in camels and methods and materials used. It will also discuss the methods for detection of tampering, especially clinical detection by ultrasound and thermography. Only experienced people can detect tampering in camels. Because there are new ways to be discovered daily for tampering with camels, discovering these methods constitute a great challenge even for experienced practitioners in this field. The visual examination is one of the most important ways to detect tampering in camels, which is later confirmed by a clinical test such as ultrasound and thermal camera examination, or by laboratory tests such as estimating the level of hormones in the blood. In recent years, cosmetic medicine has rapidly grown in camels in Saudi Arabia. Finally, it can be said that the organizers of the camel beauty festivals must set strict controls in order to combat tampering with this creature, prevent its harm, and provide a full and equal opportunity for all competitors.
Keywords: Animals, Animal health, Diagnostic imaging, Infrared devices, Diagnosis.

Abstract
The adult worm Taenia hydatigena is a tapeworm with definitive hosts, such as canines. In contrast, the larval stage of T. hydatigena, known as the Cysticercus tenuicollis cyst, is found mainly in small and large ruminant animals and acts as an intermediate host. However, misdiagnosis and cross-reaction with other taeniasis species have prompted the use of molecular identification tactics to accurately diagnose both the metacestode (C. tenuicollis cysts) stage and the adult worm. This study addresses these concerns, which have not been previously studied at the molecular level in Egypt. C. tenuicollis cysts were collected from the general Matrouh governorate abattoir in Egypt, and adult worms were obtained from an experiment on native Egyptian dogs. The samples were molecularly identified using 12S and 18S rDNA sequences, and a phylogenetic tree was built to identify their relatives in GenBank. The study’s results showed that the 18S rDNA gene sequence of the adult worm was approximately 480 bp, similar to T. hydatigena with the GenBank accession number OL470118. The 12S rDNA sequencing of the cyst yielded an amplicon of approximately 450 bp that belongs to the T. hydatigena larval stage with the GenBank accession number OL470131. It is concluded that carnivorous animals, such as dogs, can pose a risk to small ruminant animals and have a negative impact on them. Therefore, it is recommended that periodic deworming should be performed for stray or farm dogs using different anthelmintic drugs.
Keywords: C. Tenuicollis, GenBank, T. hydatigena, 12S rDNA, 18S rDNA.

Abstract
This study was conducted to understand the effects of substrate composition and length of fermentation for improving the content and quality of soybean milk waste as poultry feed. The materials used in this study were soybean milk waste (SMW), rice bran, Indigofera leaf flour (ILF), and Bacillus subtilis. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used with a factorial pattern (3 x 3) and 3 replications. Factor A was the composition of the substrate, (A1) 100% SMW, (A2) 80% SMW + 20% rice bran, and (C) 80% SMW + 20% ILF. Factor B was the length of fermentation that consisted of (B1) 2 days, (B2) 4 days, (B3), and 6 days. Parameters measured were phytase activity (PA), crude protein (CP), nitrogen retention (NR), crude fiber (CF), crude fiber digestibility (CFD), and metabolic energy (ME) of SMW fermented with B. Subtilis. There was an interaction (P<0.05) between substrate composition and fermentation time of SMW fermented with Bacillus subtilis on phytase enzyme activity, crude protein, and nitrogen retention. Substrate composition of 80% SMW + 20% ILF and 6 days of fermentation time was the best result which was able to increase phytase enzyme activity (6.71U/mL), crude protein content (41.82%), and nitrogen retention (61.41%) of fermented soybean milk waste. There was an alleviate in crude fiber content (10.49%), an increase in crude fiber digestibility (57.29%), and metabolic energy (2199.80kcal/kg) of SMW fermented with B subtilis. Keywords: Substrate composition, Fermentation time, Soybean milk waste, Bacillus subtilis, Phytase.

Abstract
Tetanus is a rare cat disease that usually has predominantly localized clinical signs. This case report describes a 10-year-old female DSH cat that presented to the Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kamphaeng Saen campus. Cat has an ulcerative tumor in the mammary glands and persistent involuntary muscle rigidity in the pelvic limbs, which later progressed to the thoracic limbs. This cat was diagnosed with tetanus based on the clinical history, presence of a wound, and clinical signs. The treatment was symptomatic (antitoxin, metronidazole, diazepam, etc.) and supportive, resulting in rigidity improvement within one month.
Keywords: Cat, Localized, Tetanus, Therapeutic.

Abstract
Cattle pasteurellosis is a dangerous infectious disease that leads to the death of farm animals just within a few days. This disease also spreads to many other wild animals, birds, and humans. Therefore, it is extremely important to understand the main manifestations of this disease and take timely measures to eliminate it. The study aimed to determine the strategy of veterinary and sanitary measures in the Republic of Kazakhstan for the prevention of pasteurellosis infection, based on the determination of zones by cattle pasteurellosis spread and the compilation of visualization maps using the results of the 2013-2021 monitoring. A clinical examination of cattle was carried out in the context of epizootological units within Kazakh economic entities and biomaterial for laboratory tests for pasteurellosis was selected. Pasteurella multocida isolates and strains were used in the experiments, and their cultural and morphological properties were studied. The obtained data from studies of the properties of isolated cultures in comparison with the characteristics of the reference strains gave grounds to attribute them to the Pasteurella genus. Based on the conducted study, epizootic visualization maps for cattle pasteurellosis for 2021 were developed.
Keywords: Pasteurellosis, Epizootic situation, Distribution, Isolate, Pasteurella multocida, Visualization map.

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate how Zn, Se, and Vit E treatment affected the oxidant-antioxidant status of serum and seminal plasma from infertile male dromedary camels. Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum and seminal plasma were all measured before and after treatment. The treatment increased CAT and TAC expression while decreasing MDA activity in serum and seminal plasma. In conclusion, Zn, Se, and Vit E treatments improve the antioxidant status of infertile camel serum and seminal plasma, implying that trace element supplementation may be effective in treating camel infertility. This program may benefit male dromedaries suffering from idiopathic infertility.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Male camels; Infertility; Trace elements; Vitamin E.

Abstract
The physiological status of the reproductive life of females is controlled ?by ?several ?hormones which are affected by numerous factors that can be classified into ?intrinsic ?and ?extrinsic ones. ? This study aimed to detect the level of estrogen hormone, the impact of ?parity ? number and kind and sex of lambs on its level in three physiological ?statuses ??(third trimester of pregnancy, parturition, ?and postpartum period), which was ?achieved by ?estimation of plasma estrogen level of 24 pregnant ewes through ELISA technique. A significant difference between primiparous (50.60) and multiparous (???64.78) ewes ?on ?the ?level ?of estrogen hormone on week 18 of gestation was observed. Estrogen levels ?on the day of parturition were 51.48 and 70.50 ?for the primiparous and multiparous groups, respectively. Furthermore, the sex ?of lambs also varied ?significantly between the two parity groups under study. Additionally, the ?type of birth ??(single or twins) had a significant ?effect on the level of estrogen in ?multiparous ewes only. It was concluded that parity number has a significant effect on the level of ?estrogen at the end ?of ?the ?gestation period and during parturition. The sex of lambs in ?both parity groups ?affected ?the level of estrogen significantly. Nevertheless, the type of birth significantly affected the level of estrogen in ?multiparous ewes.
Keywords: Estrogen, Parity, Pregnancy, Parturition, Postpartum.

Abstract
Nutrient metabolism in the liver is greatly influenced by essential metal contents such as iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn), which serve as enzyme cofactors. The liver of cattle and goats is beneficial for the metabolism of consumers’ bodies since they are widely consumed by the public. Therefore, this research aims to compare essential metal contents such as Fe, Mg, Ca, Zn, Cu, and Mn in the liver of cattle and goats. A total of 30 liver samples were obtained from slaughterhouses in Denpasar City, Bali Province of Indonesia. All cattle liver samples were collected from Bali cattle, while that of goats were a mixture of several breeds. Liver tissue was extracted, and the essential metals were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The average essential metal contents in cattle were Fe=79.18±53.96ppm, Mg=86.29±68.05ppm, Ca=80.45±77.87ppm, Zn=53.64±4.92ppm, Cu=24.13±16.87ppm, and Mn=1.29±0.48ppm. Meanwhile, the average results in goats were Fe=57.1718±18.32ppm, Mg=33.81±2.49ppm, Ca=33.77±2.21ppm, and Mn=2.22±0.49ppm. Zn and Cu were not detected in any of the 30 goat liver samples examined. It was discovered that Fe, Mg, Ca, Zn, and Cu in cattle liver are higher than in goat liver, except for Mn. Therefore, it can be concluded that the quality of Bali cattle liver is higher than that of the goat in terms of Fe, Mg, Ca, Zn, and Cu, while the quality of goat liver is better in terms of Mn content.
Keywords: Liver, Essential metals, Cattle, Goat.

Abstract
Current diagnostic methods for clinical and subclinical mastitis typically involve a bacterial culture phase, which can be time-consuming and requires specialized laboratory facilities. To overcome these limitations, our study optimized a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of pathogens causing mastitis, including Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella species, and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), in milk samples collected from ruminants. Detection of S. aureus, Strep. agalactiae, and E. coli in milk samples by multiplex PCR was 97(22.6%), 54(12. 6%), and 69(16.1%), respectively. Results showed that the LAMP reaction was completed within 30min at 65°C. The positive reaction showed a green color, and the negative reaction remained unchanged under UV light. The sensitivity of multiplex PCR assay showed a high sensitivity for most pathogens, ranging from 86.9 to 98.1%, nearly similar to the LAMP assay, which ranged from 89.7 to 97.03%. The specificity of multiplex PCR and LAMP assays ranged from 92.7 to 98.7%. In conclusion, the LAMP assay is a promising method for fast on-site assays that are simple, high sensitivity, high specificity, and rapid for detecting mastitis-causing bacteria.
Keywords: Loop-mediated isothermal amplification, Mastitis, E. coli, Salmonella Species, Staphylococcus aureus, PCR.

Abstract
Increased emissions of methane gas (CH4) have an effect on global warming and are predicted to continue to increase in line with increasing livestock productivity. This research aimed to obtain the optimum level of using feed additive essential oil (EO) and to know the effect of EO to increase feed efficiency so as to reduce methane gas emissions. The addition of EO to cattle rations was tested experimentally in vitro. This research used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with five treatments and three replications. The treatments were 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200µL citronella oil/200mL of buffered rumen fluid. The variables observed were methane gas production, protozoa population, microbial protein synthesis, rumen fluid characteristics (pH, NH3, VFA), digestibility of dry matter (DMD), organic matter (OMD), crude protein (CPD) and fiber fractions (Neutral Detergent Fiber, Acid Detergent Fiber, cellulose, and hemicellulose). The results showed that supplementation of citronella oil in rations in vitro had no significant differences (P>0.05) in ruminal pH, significant differences (P<0.05) on VFA, NH3, NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose, had a highly significant difference (P<0.01) on methane production, protozoa population, DMD, OMD, CPD. Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the addition of essential oil, 50 µL citronella/200 mL buffered rumen fluid (P2), can be used as a rumen modification to reduce methane production and protozoa populations and to increase digestibility in vitro. Keywords: Methane, Essential oil, Citronella, Rumen fermentation, In vitro.

Abstract
This case report describes the remission of the fibrovascular corneal lesions in both eyes after bilateral superficial keratectomy combined with medical treatment in a German Shepherd dog. A completely blind German Shepherd dog diagnosed with chronic superficial keratitis (CSK, pannus) underwent bilateral superficial keratectomy along with subconjunctival administration of 0.1 mL of bevacizumab and mitomycin C, which where topically applied over the degenerated area of the cornea. Following the surgical procedure, cyclosporine topical ointment was given daily as life-long therapy. Notable improvements in behavior and physical activity were evident in the patient three to four weeks after the treatment. During a follow-up period over 24 months, complete remission of the fibrovascular corneal lesions was observed in both eyes, with minor seasonal conjunctival hyperemia successfully managed by administering dexamethasone and mitomycin C eye drops. This is the first report of using this specific combination of drugs during and after keratectomy in the dog, resulting in remission of CSK with no reported side effects. Superficial keratectomy, along with the administration of bevacizumab via subconjunctival injection, may present a novel approach for addressing superficial corneal neovascularization in dogs.
Keywords: Chronic Superficial Keratitis, Pannus, Mitomycin C, Bevacizumab, Keratectomy, German Shepherd.

Abstract
The goal of this study was to detect Fusobacterium spp. in apparently healthy dromedary camels using qPCR and Microseq 500 sequencing. Six pregnant dromedary camels were swabbed for vaginal, rectal, nasal, and ocular discharges. Genomic DNA was extracted. qPCR followed by microseq 500 was used for the detection of Fusobacterium spp. The purity of the extracted DNA from various swabs ranged from 1.5 to 2.1. Detection of Fusobacteria using qPCR indicated their presence in 91.7% of the collected swabs. Fusobacterium spp. was found in all vaginal, ocular, and fecal swabs, but in 66.7% of nasal swabs. The Fusobacterium gene was abundant in vaginal swabs. The isolate was identified by 16S rRNA sequence as Fusobacterum gastrosuis CAMSA16 OQ824900. In conclusion, this study sheds light on some naturally occurring microbes in camels that, under specific circumstances, can cause serious diseases. F. gastrosuis may have zoonotic potential.
Keywords: Female camels, Fusobacterium, qPCR, Microseq 500.

Abstract
Different agroclimatic conditions affect the endocrine system and metabolism of animals. This study aimed to analyze the effect of different agroclimatic conditions on blood thyroxine, cortisol, and testosterone concentrations in Swamp buffaloes. For this study, hormonal profiles of 38 Swamp buffaloes, consisting of 18 buffalo bulls aged 3-5 years and 20 heifers aged 2-3 years, kept under different agroclimatic conditions were analyzed. These animals were sampled from three districts in West Sumatra, namely: Lubuk Basung district (representing lowland conditions), Akabiluru district (representing moderate-land conditions) and Matur district (representing highland conditions). Hormone analysis was performed at the integrated research laboratory of the Syahkuala University in Banda Aceh, using the ELISA method. The parameters measured were the ambient temperature, temperature-humidity index (THI) and concentrations of thyroxine, cortisol and testosterone hormones. The results showed non-significant differences in serum thyroxine, cortisol and testosterone concentrations in Swamp buffaloes of lowland, moderate land and highland. In conclusion, differences in agroclimatic conditions did not noticeably influence the endocrine system and metabolism of the Swamp buffaloes.
Keywords: Agroclimatic conditions, Hormonal profile, Swamp buffaloes.

Abstract
One of the significant hurdles in the 21st century is the contamination of dairy products with pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms that convey antimicrobial-resistant genes (AMR). Therefore, this study examined the dominance of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli in 60 samples of white soft cheese and Baladi yoghurt (30 of each). Phenotypic resistance to ten antimicrobials was assessed with molecular characterization of mecA and blaIMP genes in S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Additionally, slt1, slt2, and eaeA virulence genes were ascertained in the identified E. coli isolates. S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli were present in 19, 15%; 51, 40%; and 1, 3% of the isolated strains in white soft cheese and Baladi yoghurt, respectively. S. aureus (n=34) isolated strains were insensitive phenotypically to methicillin, yet only 77% carried the mecA gene. While the identified P. aeruginosa strains were unsusceptible to the studied antibiotics except for meropenem, and the blaIMP gene was found in the molecularly identified strains. The molecularly identified E. coli (n=3) were sensitive to imipenem and meropenem. Additionally, Slt1 and Slt2 virulence genes were present in all E. coli isolates, whereas 66% of them possessed the eaeA gene. The application of systems of food safety and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) is essential to ensure the safety and quality of commercial dairy products.
Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, Methicillin, Virulence genes, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Dairy products.

Abstract
Small ruminant infections with Eimeria spp. cause acute or chronic intestinal problems and significant global economic losses. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Eimeria spp. infection in goats in Prafi district, Manokwari regency, West Papua province, Indonesia. Fecal samples (n=207) were obtained from 17 farms in Prafi district and evaluated for the existence of oocysts by the Whitlock technique. The overall prevalence of coccidiosis was 90.34% (187/207) and was significantly influenced by the age of the goats with a higher prevalence in young animals under 12 months than in adult animals (>12 months). Five Eimeria spp. were identified such as Eimeria hirci, E. parva, E. christenseni, E. arloingi, and E. alijevi. The univariate analysis result of risk factors indicated that age, rearing system, type of pen, light intensity, and period of cleaning pen were associated with Eimeria spp. infection (P?0.05). The results of multivariate analysis had three variables associated with infection such as type of pen, light intensity, and rearing system with the highest (OR=45.11) in the type of pen variable. Additionally, to prevent infection, effective management and hygiene procedures must be used based on the risk factors. Understanding these epidemiological infections can help with developing preventative measures, which will lessen the financial impact that these protozoa have on the production of goats.
Keywords: Prevalence, Risk factors, Eimeria, Coccidiosis, Goat, Indonesia.

Abstract
Rats have been identified as carriers of various zoonotic parasites and pathogens that can pose a serious threat to human health. This research aimed to identify species of zoonotic parasites and their prevalence in wild rats in Jeddah province, Saudi Arabia. For this purpose, 405 wild rats were collected, including two species of rats: Rattus norvegicus (94%) and Rattus rattus (6%), from different regions of the city of Jeddah. Ectoparasites were picked, and the gastrointestinal tract, internal organs, and gut contents were examined. The internal parasites were recovered and examined by stereo and light microscope. An examination of the liver was carried out to determine the presence of parasite cysts. The flotation technique was used to examine the fecal samples. Also, stained blood samples were examined with an optical microscope with 100x magnification for blood parasites. The results revealed that the overall prevalence of parasite infestation was 51%, and it was higher in Rattus norvegicus (52.2%) than in Rattus rattus (37.5%). Eleven species of parasites were recovered: three ectoparasites (Xenopsylla cheopis, Ctenocephalides felis and Ornithonyssus bacoti) and seven endoparasites (Cysticercus fasciolaris, Hymenolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminuta, Syphacia muris, Syphacia obvelata, Ascaris lumbercoides, and Entamoeba histolytica cyst) and one parasite in the blood (Trypanosoma spp.) The dominant ectoparasite was Xenopsylla cheopis while that of endoparasite was Cysticercus fasciolaris.
Keywords: Rats, Zoonotic, Ectoparasites, Endoparasites, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract
Aedes aegypti is considered a major dengue virus transmitter in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The present study was performed to investigate the prevalence of Ae. aegypti aquatic larvae in Jazan Governorate, KSA, as well as the influence of breeding water temperature and potential hydrogen (pH) on its abundance. Six locations in Jazan Governorate were surveyed monthly from January to December 2021. According to the data collected, the highest numbers of collected Ae. aegypti larvae (185 and 183) were recorded in January and December from Jizan city, and the lowest numbers of collected larvae (31 and 32) were recorded in May and April from Damad and Ahad Almsarehah cities, respectively. The period from March to June showed the lowest recorded prevalence all over the studied sites. Overall, Ae. aegypti larvae recorded the highest prevalence in Jizan city during all months of the study, as compared with other surveyed locations. On the other hand, the lowest water temperature recorded in Jizan City was 24.3±0.4°C in January month. The highest water temperature recorded in Abu Arish city (30.2±0.2°C) was in May, respectively. While in Sabya City, the water temperature varied from 25.3±0.4 to 30.3±0.6°C during the entire study period. Damad City recorded water temperatures at 25.3±0.5 and 29.5±0.3°C in January and July. In addition, the highest water temperature recorded in Ahad EL Masarihah city (31.8±0.1°C) was in July. Moreover, no major differences were found (P>0.05) in the recorded pH values among different months of the study for all surveyed locations. Generally, Ae. aegypti has a remarkable prevalence in Jazan Governorate, KSA, throughout all months of the year, and temperature is a reliable factor in its abundance.
Keywords: Aquatic Larvae, Aedes aegypti, Abundance, Prevalence, Dengue.

Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) causes the death and premature culling of animals, resulting in great economic losses in animal husbandry practice. The primary methods for preventing its spread are the vaccination of susceptible livestock and timely and accurate diagnoses. Considering the high risk of LSD virus (LSDV) spread in Kazakhstan, the development of a sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) would be crucial in ensuring the veterinary safety of the country. Thus, in this study, we developed an indirect ELISA based on the P32 antigen of LSDV for the serological diagnosis of cattle and evaluated its effectiveness. In this indirect ELISA, recombinant P32 (rP32) protein was used, which was produced using the DNA of an LSDV isolated from Kazakhstan. The protein was purified using metal affinity chromatography and examined using a mass spectrometer. The optimal concentrations of rP32 for immobilization on the plate were observed to be 0.6 and 0.3µg/mL. The serum dilutions with the lowest background values were 1:400 and 1:200. As a blocking buffer, 3% skimmed milk in phosphate-buffered saline-Tween (pH 7.4) was used. Secondary antibodies were used at a dilution of 1:20,000. In studies using an in-house P32/ELISA, 71% of bovine serum samples that were collected 28d after vaccination tested positive. Overall, the indirect ELISA showed high potential for epizootological monitoring and mass screening of animals vaccinated with a domestic vaccine. However, to obtain more reliable results, continuing this study using a larger number of serum samples from vaccinated cows is necessary.
Keywords: Lumpy Skin Disease, Recombinant Antigen, Indirect ELISA, Antibodies, Vaccination.