Abstract
Mastitis is one of the most common problems of dairy animals throughout the world. Mastitis causes heavy economic losses to the dairy industry worldwide. Many etiological agents are responsible for this disease. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major causes for mastitis in cow and buffalo. Cow and buffalo mastitis is an inflammatory reaction in the udder and a main contagious disease. The aim of present research is to determine the biofilm forming ability and antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from clinical cases of cow and buffalo mastitis in Udaipur of Rajasthan, India. A total 182 clinical mastitis milk samples were examined for bacteriological studies, out of this total 40 (21.9%) S. aureus strains were isolated. Within total 40 S. aureus isolates 30 (75%) were displayed hemolytic activities on blood agar. For determination of biofilm forming ability 40 clinical isolates of S. aureus were investigated with Congo Red Agar (CRA) and Tube assay methods. Out of the 40 S. aureus isolates, 67.5% displayed biofilm positive by CRA method and 62.5% by Tube assay method. In CRA method, within 27 positive isolates, 10 (25%) showed high and 17 (42.5%) moderate biofilm producing ability were observed and in Tube method 8 (20%) showed high and 17 (42.5%) moderate strains. The results of Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that biofilm forming S. aureus strains were 62.5, 60 and 45% resistance against ceftriaxone (30µg), ceftizoxime (30µg) and erythromycin (10µg) respectively, whereas non biofilm forming isolates were observed 10, 10 and 75% respectively. Present research work will be helpful in improve production of milk with quality and quantity, health and solve problems related to cow and buffalo mastitis and also increase annual income of dairy owners. Detection of biofilm forming ability in mastitis isolates may provide useful information for the establishment of a more adequate therapeutic treatment.
Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Biofilm, Bovine mastitis, Congo Red Agar method and Tube assay method

Abstract
The recent increase interest on the research of various aspects related to the barn owls (Tyto alba) is due to the unique features of the bird in keeping down rodent pests. By identifying the prey fragments in the pellets of indigestible matter that the bird regurgitates it is easy to tell of the diet it consumed to maintain its energy demand. This work seeks to fill the gap on information concerning the gross morphology and morphometric of the alimentary canal of the barn owl (Tyto alba) found in North-central Nigeria.
Fifteen apparently healthy Barn Owls of different age groups were used for this work. The live body weight of birds were taken and then euthanized by lethal injection. Dissection was done to gain access to different cavities of the bird for gross anatomic studies of the alimentary canal. The alimentary canal of the three age groups of birds studied presented similar morphological findings. The tongue appeared elongated and triangularly shaped with a pointed tip and a downward projection from the body with a cleft at the middle of the body. There was no crop. The stomach was cone shaped consisting of a cranial glandular compartment and a caudal muscular compartment. A ‘U’ shaped duodenum was clearly visible towards the right side of abdominal cavity, whereas the duodenal loop partly covered the jejunum and ileum. The vitelline diverticulum marks the end of the jejunum and the beginning of the ileum which is the shortest segment of the small intestine. The large intestine consists of two caeca (left and right) and a colorectum. The proximal parts of both caeca were ovoid in shape while the distal part is straight and tiny giving it a microphone or match stick shape. Morphometric measurements of the alimentary canal of the barn owl in the three age groups studied showed a significant difference at P<0.05 on the tongue; stomach and duodenum with emphasis on the adults and owlets. In summary, the decreasing order in length of the different segments of the gastrointestinal tract of the common barn owl studied was found to be: jejunum>duodenum>oesophagus>tongue>ileum>stomach> caecum> colorectum.
Keywords: Tyto alba, Barn owl, Alimentary canal, Gross morphology, Morphometrics, North-central Nigeria

Abstract
Twenty sexually matured (24 weeks old) healthy Harco cocks were used to determine the effect of gonadotrophin (Diclair®) on kidney function, body conformation and sperm reserves. The cocks were divided into 4 treatment groups of 5 cocks per group, identified as T1 (control) administered with 1ml physiological saline; T2, administered with 6.75i.u Diclair®; T3, administered with 13.50i.u Diclair® and T4, administered with 20.25i.u Diclair®, with one cock per rplicate in a completely Randomized Design (CRD). The injections were divided into three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. Blood was collected one week after Diclair® administration from 5 cocks in each treatment group by wing vein puncture of the cocks using needle and syringe for kidney function test. Four weeks after Diclair® injections, body size measurement was done using a measuring tape. The five cocks that were bled in each treatment group were slaughtered and the testicles collected and testiclular and epididymal sperm reserves were estimated following the homogenized count using a haemocytometer and a microscope. The results showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) among the treatment groups in sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate and creatinine values. The results further showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) among the treatment groups in final body weight, body girth, body width, body length, shank length, drumstick length, keel length, and wing length. Similarly the result showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) among the treatment groups in testis and epididymal sperm reserves. The result of this study suggest that Diclair® treatment enhanced sperm production and reserves and was not detrimental to kidney function and body conformation of the cocks. Keywords: Harco cocks kidney function, body conformation sperm reserves Diclair®

Abstract
Reproductive inefficiency is one of major challenges affecting dairy farming in Kenya. This is partly caused by poor estrus detection, delayed determination of unsuccessful artificial insemination (AI) and sub-optimal calving to conception interval. Blood levels of progesterone hormone (P4) are a valid indicator of the reproductive status of an animal. Progesterone levels can be used to determine the estrous phase of an animal and also pregnancy status. This study evaluated P4 levels across the reproductive cycle in dairy cattle in Kenya using the whole blood semi quantitative lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) manufactured by Diagnostics for All Company and compared the findings with those by plasma quantitative enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blood was collected from 46 animals to establish the P4 profiles at the various stages of the reproductive cycle using ELISA. Subsequently, P4 levels were analyzed by LFIA and ELISA in blood from 100 dairy cattle and the tests compared. The P4 profiles of dairy cattle in the study ranged from 0-10ng/ml. The LFIA test results were scored from 1-3. Progesterone levels with scores of 1 to 2 were recorded in pre-pubertal and follicular phase animals, corresponding to P4 levels ranging from 0.01 to 2.4 ng/ml by ELISA. Non pregnant luteal phase and pregnant animals had higher (P>0.05) LFIA scores of 3 representative of P4 levels ranging from 6 to 10 ng/ml. The semi-quantitative P4 levels as determined by the LFIA were highly correlated (r = 0.95; Kappa 0.93) with the quantitative ELISA P4 levels for low and high P4 concentration. The findings of the current study show that LFIA is a reliable method for determination of P4 levels in whole blood that can be used as a point of care decision support tool for reproductive management of dairy cows.
Keywords: Cow, Progesterone, ELISA, LFIA

Abstract
Vitamin E and selenium are considered as immune boosting agents. The present study was designed to evaluate effect of vitamin E and selenium on antibody titer against to hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) vaccine. Twenty unvaccinated buffalo calves (two to four month old) were randomly selected and divided into four groups (group A, B, C and D); and each group contain five calves. Group A was control; Group B was vaccinated against to HS vaccine, Group C was supported with vitamin E and selenium supplementation (VESS) and Group D was vaccinated against to HS along with VESS. Group C and D were supplement with VESS at day 0. After fifteen days, vaccine was administered to Group B and D. Three serum samples were collected at day 0, 30 and 45 of experimental trial from each buffalo calf. Samples were analyzed by complement fixation test to estimate antibody titer. One-way analysis of variance was performed to compare the treatment means and Tuckey’s post hoc test was used to find difference between the treated groups. The level of significance was 0.05. Results showed that significantly higher antibody titer was developed in the group D (73.5±28.62) as compared to antibody titer of Group B (42.2±17.52) at day 45 of experimental trial. No development of antibody titer in Group A and C was observed at any stage. It was concluded that vitamin E and selenium significantly improve the antibody titer when it is given along with HS vaccine in buffalo calves.
Keywords: Vitamin E, Selenium, Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Antibody titer, Buffalo calves

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pumpkin seeds oil supplementation to the diet on growth performance, carcass characteristics and some blood biochemical parameters of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). A total of 192 day-old of Japanese quail were randomly allocated to four treatments, with 4 replicates per treatment and 12 birds per replicate. The dietary treatments were: Basal diet without supplementation with pumpkin seeds oil (control group) and three of pumpkin seeds oil treatments (5, 10 and 15 g/kg of diet). The results revealed significantly increase (P<0.05) of 10 and 15 g/kg of pumpkin seeds oil (PSO) on body weight gain during (1- 6) week period of experiment compared to control and 5 g/kg PSO treatments. There were less (P<0.05) feed consumption at 15g/kg of pumpkin seeds oil supplementation during (1-6) week period of experiment compared to other treatment. The addition of 15g/ kg of pumpkin seeds oil to the diet showed better (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio during (1-3) week period but addition of 10 and 15 g /kg of pumpkin seeds oils resulted in better (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio during (3-6) and (1-6) week period of experiment. Dietary supplementation of pumpkin seeds oil at 10 and 15 g/kg of diet increased (P<0.05) carcasses weights as well as decreased (P<0.05) total plasma cholesterol concentrations and triglycerides. It was found that body weight at 1, 3 and 6 weeks of age, body weight gain during (1-3) and (3-6) weekly periods, dressing percentage, weights of liver, heart, gizzard, giblets, edible meat, thigh, breast, back, wings and neck, total proteins, urea and creatinine concentration not significantly affected with PSO supplementation. It would have suggested that the supplementation of Japanese quail diets with (10 and 15g/kg) pumpkin seeds oils improved productive performance. Keywords: Pumpkin seed oil, Performance, Biochemical Parameters, Japanese quail

Abstract
Nowadays it is known that animal sourced infections may have serious threats against human health. In our study, we aimed to determine the molecular positivity of Listeriosis and Toxoplasmosis among shelter dogs in different animal shelters around Istanbul and to describe the role of dogs in the transmission of these zoonoses. Blood samples from 100 dogs were collected and Tag-Man probe based Real Time PCR (qPCR) analyses of the samples were conducted regarding to the high sensitivity and characteristics of this technique and the results were evaluated according to the gender and age of the dogs. According to our results, it is found that 12 dogs (12%) out of 100 are L. monocytogenes positive and 19 dogs (19%) are T. gondii positive. It is seen that seropositivity among the 0-2 ages group is high in both zoonoses and also according to gender L. monocytogenes is high among the females and T. gondii is high among the male dogs. We think that these results may be a serious risk for the people living in this city and optimal protective cautions should be taken. We estimate that our study will contribute the data about the prevalence of these zoonoses not only in our country but also all around the world.
Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes, Toxoplasma gondii, Dogs, Real Time PCR

Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the duration of analgesia produced by epidural injection of ketamine, lidocaine and xylazine in West African dwarf goats. Three healthy West African dwarf goats of varying ages were used for this study. After administration of each drug, the onset of action was recorded and the duration of action of each drug was determine through pin prick method at ten (10) minutes interval to ascertain loss of sensation as well as response to stimuli. Vital parameters (temperature, pulse, respiratory and heart rates) were determined at five (5) minutes interval throughout the duration of the anaesthesia to evaluate changes in these variables due to the actions of these drugs. The results revealed that ketamine at the dose rate (10mg/kg) had the shortest duration of analgesia and is therefore, unsuitable for use in ruminants (WAD). Xylazine has the longest duration of analgesia compare to lidocaine which has a rapid onset but short duration. It is therefore, concluded that xylazine will be suitable for epidural analgesia in healthy, young and unpregnant WAD than ketamine and lidocaine.
Keywords: Xylazine, Ketamine, Lidocaine, West African Dwarf goat, Epidural anaesthesia

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate effectively of the combination of ketamine HCl -xylazine HCl, ketamine HCl -medetomidine HCl and bupivacain-morphine for spinal anaesthesia on clinical and haematological parameters in three groups (each group had 6 goats). Each goat in groups was given a dose of the drugs combination: Group 1; ketamine HCl at 2.5mg/kg and xylazine HCl at 0.05mg/ kg, group 2; ketamine HCl at 2.5 mg/kg and medetomidine HCl at 0.01 mg/kg, group 3; bupivacain at 2 ml and morhine 0.5 ml. The drugs were injected epidurally into the lumbosacral subarachnoid space.
Begining of the skin analgesia and total duration of skin analgesia and duration of recumbency were measured timely. Rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were intervaly recorded at pre-anesthesia and 30th, 60th, 90th, 120th minutes intervals. Pre-injection blood samples were obtained and repeated at 30th, 60th, 90th, 120th minutes intervals during anaesthesia and at 24 hours into the tubes with EDTA and than analyzed. The evaluated parameters were venous blood pH, blood gases (PaCO2, PaO2, etCO2, s02), Na, Cl, hematocrit (HCT), haemoglobin (HGB), bicarbonate (HCO3a, HCO3s). The onset of analgesia was 1.24 ±0.35 min. in (group 1, 1.08±0.22 min. in group 2) and 0.92±0.32 min. in group 3, respectively. Duration of the skin analgesia were 48±8.4 min. in group 1, 50±6.4 min. in group 2, and 55±9.6 min. in group 3, respectively. Duration of recumbency 80-200 min. in all groups. RT did not show any significant change. HR depression significantly (P<0.05) in all combination groups and RR decression were recorded in groups 1 and 2. PaO2 decreased significantly all groups. PaCO2 increased significantly in groups 1 and 2. Serum electrolytes did not show any significant difference. The values were returned to normal at 24th hours in all groups. As a conclusion, The ketamine-xylazine, ketamine-medetomidine and bupivacain-morphine for spinal anaesthesia can be safely used in goats as it caused transient clinical and haemetological alterations. Keywords: Goat, Xylazine, Medetomidine, Ketamine, Bupivacain, Morphine, Spinal anesthesia

Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of exposure of boars to wastewater/effluent contaminated water on testicular function. Boars reared on contaminated water were purchased, and their testicular tissue was processed for histopathological observations. The lesions observed included; vacuolated seminiferous epithelium, sloughing of germ cells and depletion of the seminiferous epithelium. The findings indicate that exposure of boars to mixtures of environmental toxicants can result in perturbation of spermatogenesis with consequences on fertility.
Keywords: River contamination, Endocrine disruptors, Testicular histopathology

Abstract
One of major stressors affecting the animal is lactation phase, ewes and does are no exception. This study aimed to investigate alterations in serum biochemical, mineral status and hematologic value in lactating ewes and does compared with non-lactating animals under same condition (climate, feeding and rearing system). Significant reduction in RBCs, HB, and PCV% along with significant increase in MCV were the most consistent hematologic alterations. Significant reduction in protein and lipid profile along with increase in BUN was the most consistent biochemical alteration. The minerals profile showed decrease in Zinc, Copper and Calcium, though PH showed no change. In Conclusion, this study showed that the lactation has significant effect on body metabolites, hematologic and mineral storage in small ruminant, for future production scheme, failure to substitute those deficit, will have a bad impact on health and metabolism of animal production lifespan.
Keywords: Lactation, Ewe, Doe, Hemato-biochemical, Mineral

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to document of the geometrical architectural structure, morphometrical and physical characteristics of biceps brachii in the camel, which contributes in shoulder and elbow joints movements, muscle and lacerates fibrosus mass (LF) mas. The muscle, lacerates fibrosus lengths and fiber length of muscle were measured (biceps mass about was 1190g, mass was 75 g and lacertus fibrosus length about 35cm).The LF presents individual characteristics such as the length and width between the upper and lower parts. The maximum isometric force of this muscle was 1166200 x 106 Dyne. It was more than the force of lacerates fibrosus was 735 x 106 Dyne. The Physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) was 62.5 cm2, while the tendon?CSA was 2.286. This study will enable us to know the interaction of the mechanical of absorption by the biceps muscle in the camel forelimb.
Keywords: Biceps brachii, Lacertus fibrosus, Geometrical, Architecture, Camel