Abstract
Context: Psoriasis is a common, immune-mediated, multifactorial disease characterized by phenotypic diversity and genetic heterogeneity.
Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Commiphora mukul on psoriasis.
Materials and Methods: Six female Balb/C mice per group of which, the first three groups served as untreated, disease controls and standard (0.1% dexamethasone) respectively. Animals of groups 4, 5 and 6 were applied 0.5, 1 and 2% of the C. mukul extract on both the ears, respectively.
Dermatitis was induced in mice by the application of oxazolone 1.5% (100 µL in ethanol) to the abdominal region for a period of six days. Starting seven days following sensitization, 20 µL of oxazolone 1% in a mixture of acetone and olive oil (4:1) was applied to both sides of the mouse ear on days 7, 10, 13 and 16. For detailed time-course analysis of ear swelling reactions, ear thickness was measured before sensitization phase (day 7) and after each elicitation on days 10, 13, 16 and 19.
Results: C. mukul potently suppressed ear swelling at each time-point. The suppressive rates of C. mukul at concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 2% were 47.3, 55.4 and 62.2% on day 16, respectively as compared to the disease control. Microscopic examination revealed a relatively swollen ear in the disease model as compared to the control animals. Whereas condition was gradually improved in treated groups dose-dependently.
Conclusion: The results suggest that C. mukul improves chronic inflammatory skin disorders.
Keywords: Commiphora mukul, dermatitis, interferon-?, oxazolone; TNFa

Abstract
This study was conducted on ruminants slaughtered at the Bolgatanga municipal abattoir in Ghana for the period 2010-2014. The aim was to investigate the causes of whole carcass and organ condemnation in ruminants slaughtered at this facility and assesses the associated financial losses. This was done by analyzing veterinary records on local slaughter of livestock and pathological conditions at slaughter for a total of 11,843 cattle, 13,722 sheep and 19,904 goats. The study revealed that 0.064 % cattle carcasses were totally condemned due to tuberculosis, cysticercosis and jaundice. The main causes of organ condemnation in cattle were pimply gut (3.82%), abscess (2.77%), fasciolosis (2.39%), hydronephritis (1.16%), traumatic reticulo-pericarditis (0.92%), jaundice (0.39%), tuberculosis (0.04%), pneumonia, ( 0.04%), contagious pleuro-pneumonia (0.04%) and cysticercosis (0.008%). Pimply gut (16.81%) and pneumonia (0.75%) were responsible for organ condemnation in small ruminants. The total direct economic loss due to organ and carcass condemnation amounted to GHc 67,295.00(18,693.06 USD, (USD= GHc 3.60). Bacterial and parasitic diseases were the causes of carcass and organ condemnation in ruminants and these were associated with huge economic losses.
Keywords: Carcass, organ, condemnation, cause, ruminants, financial loss

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the presence of CAEV infection in blood and milk samples of goats collected from various regions of Turkey, using ELISA and PCR techniques and molecular characterization of local viruses. Data was collected from 435 blood samples and 285 milk samples from 8 goat production companies in 6 provinces (Ankara, Eski?ehir, Kütahya, Antalya, Burdur, K?rklareli) in Central Anatolia, Aegean, Mediterranean and Marmara regions. All blood and serum samples were examined for antibodies against ELISA and CAE viruses. Nested PCR tests were done on 70 blood samples and 16 milk samples, using specific primaries in the gag region to detect CAE virus nucleic acid.
Of the 435 blood samples, 37 (8.5%) tested positive by ELISA and 14 (4.9%) of the 285 milk samples. PCR results were positive for 14 of the selected 70 leucocyte samples and 8 of the selected 16 milk samples. Two blood samples and 3 milk samples that tested positive with PCR in the field were cloned in plasmide, and the gag gene region sequence of the virus was analyzed. The results were consistent, and similar phylogenetically to CAEV and SRLV viruses in terms of the known partial gag gene levels in Turkey.
This study suggests that it is necessary to determine CAEV infection using ELISA techniques at regular intervals in order to identify the molecular characteristics of circulating viruses rather than detecting infection with PCR tests. The study also indicates that milk samples are important for detecting CAEV infection, and can be used in for diagnosing infection.
Keywords: CAEV, ELISA, PCR, gag, detection, Turkey

Abstract
The object of current study was conducted to determine the effect of different levels of pomegranate peels (PP) (0, 1, 2or 4%) in the diet of Karadi lambs on Hematological, biochemical and reproductive hormones. Sixteen Karadi male lambs of 4.5-5 months old and weighing 24.29±0.42 kg were randomly divided equally in to four treatment groups and individually penned for a period of 63 days. Results revealed that there were no significant effects of the different levels of pomegranate peel in diets on red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Neutrophils, Basophils, eosionphils, serum glucose , total protein, enzymes asparttate Aminotranferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum hormones such as follicle stimulation hormone (FSH), triiodothyronin (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyrotropin stimulating hormone (TSH). Karadi lambs fed 1% pomegranate peel (PP) had significantly (P<0.05) highest value for PCV %, WBC and monocytes, serum hormone luteinized hormone (LH) compared with other treatments. It was concluded that lambs fed 1%PP is their diet showed better immunity and reproductive hormones compared to other treatment groups. Keywords: Blood parameters, Reproduction hormones, Pomegranate peel, Karadi lambs

Abstract
A survey of bovine brucellosis was carried out in the North Senatorial District of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Four Local Government Areas (LGAs) were selected from the senatorial District at random. These LGAs were Ikara, Kubau, Makarfi and Sabon-Gari LGAs. Districts were sampled randomly within LGAs and pastoralists cattle were used for the study. Serum samples obtained from 500 animals, comprising 141 males and 359 females from pastoralist herds were used for the study. Serological tests used were the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Lateral Flow Assay (LFA). A seroprevalence rate of 2.8% was obtained with both the RBPT and LFA. Female cattle were more seropositive (2.4%) than males (0.4%). There was a statistically significant difference (P=0.0154) in the prevalence rates between male and female animals using the LFA. There was, however, no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in prevalence rate between males and females using the RBPT. Adult cattle (> 5 years) were more seropositive (1.6%) than younger ones (1-5 years and < 1 year of age) with a prevalence rate of 0.8% and 0.4% respectively. The seroprevalence status and poor attitude of farmers as regards bovine brucellosis in the current study calls for stringent measures by the Government and other stakeholders to prevent the spread of brucellosis in animals and even humans. Keywords: Seroprevalence, Brucellosis, Cattle, RBPT, Lateral Flow Assay

Abstract
Rabies is endemic in all counties of Kenya. This study describes community knowledge, attitudes and practices that may influence the incidence and control of the disease. Semi-structured questionnaires and focus group discussions were used in the study. A total of 351 residents were interviewed. Majority of owned dogs were free to roam and scavenge. Over 90% of the respondents were aware of the disease, its zoonotic nature and the importance of the domestic dog in its transmission. Although over 75% of respondents in both counties would seek conventional medical treatment after an animal bite, 16.6% of respondents in Kisumu considered traditional treatment as their first line of action after an animal bite. Most of the respondents were not aware of any home level action after an animal bite. Rabies awareness was high in both counties but only 20.4% and 19.1% of the households in Kisumu and Siaya respectively had vaccinated their dogs. Children and women played a major role in rabies prevention and control. Schools proved to be the most common source of information. The knowledge gaps and negative practices identified by this study show the need for public awareness and sensitization on rabies. This will impart positive attitude on the best practices towards control of the disease.
Keywords: Kisumu, Siaya, Kenya, rabies, dog

Abstract
An in vitro experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementation of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme (EFE) or live yeast culture or both in total mixed rations on digestibility of nutrients. The dietary treatments included a groundnut haulms based total mixed ration (TMR) with R: C ratio of 70: 30 (T1), T1 supplemented with EFE @ 15 g/animal/d (T2), T1 supplemented with live yeast culture @ 10 g/animal/d (T3) and T1 supplemented with EFE @ 15 g/animal/d and live yeast culture @ 10 g/animal/d (T4). Results indicated that the in vitro digestibility (%) of DM, CP, NDF and ADF were lower (P<0.05) in T1 as compared to other treatments. Further, the in vitro digestibility (%) of DM, CP, NDF and ADF increased linearly from T2 to T4, but the differences were not significant (P>0.05). It is concluded that supplementation of either EFE or yeast culture or both increased the in vitro digestibility of nutrients.
Keywords: Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes, Yeast culture, In vitro digestibility

Abstract
A present study was conducted to compare partially modified organic calf rearing system and artificial calf rearing system on body weight gain performance, mortality and morbidity rate of Jersey cross bred calves in an organized exotic farm of Kashmir valley. In artificial calf rearing management practices the new born calves were kept separately from mother after colostrums feeding followed by milk feeding in bucket dosed at 3-4 litre/calf/day in two fractions in morning and evening. After attaining the age of 90 days, the milk was stopped and the calves were sent for grazing. In partially modified organic calf rearing system, the new born calves were kept together with their dam and/or with nursing cows dosed at 3 calves/cow up to the age of 90 days. Same body weight group calves were kept with nursing cows to minimize the competition among the calves during suckling of milk. After attaining the age of 75 days the nursing cows were withdrawn gradually from calves due to their changing of food habit from milk to fodder and concentrate. In modified organic calf rearing system the body weight gain of calf was significantly (P<0.05) higher as compared with the artificial calf rearing system at 90 days of age. The morbidity and mortality rate was also higher in artificial calf rearing system as compared with the organic calf rearing system from birth to weaning. In conclusion the modified organic calf rearing system is highly encouraging for better body weight gain performances, less morbidity and mortality and more economically viable as compared with artificial calf rearing system. Keywords: Organic, Artificial, Calf, Rearing system, Organized farm

Abstract
A total of 727 samples (148 cattle, 579 buffalo) were collected from clinically suspected cases of Dermatophilus congolensis in different districts of Andra Pradesh. All the samples were screened for the presence of Dermatophiosis using conventional isolation methods as well as molecular methods and the data was analyzed to study the epidemiology of the disease. Out of 727 samples screened 109 samples were found positive (14.99%) on diagnosis. Prevalence of the Dermatophilosis was found to be more in young animals, breeds of graded Murrah buffaloes maintained under rural house hold conditions during southwest mansoons. It was found that season, management condition, breed and age had high significance (P<0.01) influence on the bovine Dermatophilosis. Keywords: Prevalence, Bovine, Dermatophilosis, Dermatophilus congolensis, Andhra Pradesh

Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD), which belongs to the Capripoxvirus genus, is an infection that has caused serious economic losses in the leather industry. The first reported outbreak of LSD occurred in Africa, 1929. Shortly thereafter, it spread to Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. The virus produces nodules that arise primarily on the skin of infected cattle, buffalo, and wild ruminants. The aim of the present study was to perform a pathological evaluation and molecular characterization of LSD by using specimens collected from cattle that had been killed by the disease in Erzurum, Turkey. Skin nodules from four different cattle were collected from two different regions in the central part of Erzurum. These samples were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and histopathological methods. Virological test results revealed that the virus is a member of the Capripoxvirus genus. Therefore, the present study provides epidemiological data about the LSD infection in Erzurum and contributes further information about the infection’s current status.
Keywords: Lumpy Skin Disease, Cattle, Molecular Characterization, Turkey

Abstract
Coenurus gaigeri is a cyst forming tape worm of goats, and it located in the subcutaneous tissue of the animals. A six-month-old, non-descriptive female goat was referred with the history of subcutaneous swelling in all over the body since one month. Soft fluid filled edematous swelling was noticed on submandibular region, both sides of the neck and thoracic wall, last two intercostals space of the right side and behind the sternum. Microscopic examination of aspirated cystic fluid revealed motile larvae of Coenurous gigari. Thus, the disease is concerned to zoonotic importance periodical deworming, proper disposal of faces, and examination of carcass and appropriate cooking of meat can prevent the acquiring disease by human.
Keywords: Coenurus gaigeri, Goat, Subcutaneous cyst, Taenia spp.