Abstract
We describe an unusual case of disseminated histiocytic sarcoma (DHS) in a 13-year-old spayed female mixed breed Cocker. It started as a periocular multifocal nodular dermatopathy, without any other clinical and hematological abnormalities. In the process of clarifying the diagnosis, first test performed was cytologic examination of the fine needle aspirate, which was highly suggestive of a cutaneous poorly differentiated multifocal mast cell tumor (MCT). Deteriorating health status led to the decision for euthanasia, followed by necropsy. Based on histopathology and immunohistochemical stain, a final diagnosis of disseminated histiocytic sarcoma was made.
Keywords: Disseminated histiocytic, Dog, Mast cell tumor, Metastasis, Sarcoma

Abstract
Tribulus terrestris L (TT) is used in the Chinese medicine to treat various dermal disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti psoriatic effect of TT. The mouse model of psoriasis was developed by sensitization with 100 µl of 1.5% oxazolone application on dorsal lumbar region for six days followed by elicitation with 20 µl of 1% oxazolone applying on both sides of ear on day 7, 10 and 13. The first three groups of mice comprised as vehicle (mixture of acetone and olive oil (4:1)) control, positive control (dermatitis induced by oxazolone) and treatment with dexamethazone at the dose level of 0.1% topical application on upper surface of the ear. Animals of another three groups were applied 0.5%, 1% and 2% of the T. terrestris extract on both the ears after induction of dermatitis by oxazolone. The ear of the positive control mice showed erythema, edema and/or indurations and occasionally abrasion. Oxazolone treatment of sensitized animals produced a significant increase in ear weight as compared normal control animals. A dose dependent decrease in ear weight was observed in TT treated groups. Gross macroscopic examination revealed a relatively swollen ear in the disease model as compared to the control animals. Histopathological examination of the ear belonging to the disease control revealed prominent epidermal hyperplasia and marked infiltration of inflammatory cells like monocytes, granulocytes, macrophages mainly into the dermis and some into epidermis. This investigation suggests that the protective effect of TT for oxazolone induced contact dermatitis.
Keywords: Contact dermatitis, Mice, Oxazolone, Psoriasis, Tribulus terrestris, Topical

Abstract
Owing to the multiplicity of patients, rational prescribing has been made a relatively challenging task for veterinary practitioners. However this intricate task can be executed through the acquisition of comprehensive knowledge concerning the pathophysiology of respective disease and the pharmacological aspects of drug(s) to be prescribed for a particular ailment. Moreover the implementation of optimal diagnostic aptitude, excellent communication skills and risk-benefit analysis are imperative to confront this challenge. Adoption of a pharmacotherapeutic technique provokes the evasion of empherical and symptomatic therapeutics. A precise diagnosis on the basis of history, clinical findings and diagnostic tests (if applicable) enables the veterinarian to determine the inevitability of therapeutic intervention. Selection of any therapeutic option should be performed only if the potential benefits outweigh the side-effects. Factors related to the drug(s), patient and illness must be taken into consideration for the selection of an adequate dosage regimen. Caution needs to be undertaken to circumvent any stress during handling of animals for therapeutic purpose. Pertinent directions concerning the feeding practices should be provided to the owner, wherever needed. Proper follow-up is required to validate the projected outcome of treatment. Appraisal of the treatment plan is recommended in case of failure to attain the desirable therapeutic goal.
Keywords: Pharmacotherapeutic approach, Veterinary practitioners

Abstract
Intestinal helminth parasites are the most common parasites that have negative impact on local population of overlapping home ranged lizards. The aim of the study was to identify the helminth fauna in lizards and determined the relationship between size of lizards and season with parasitic egg load. A total of 47 adult lizards, comprising 21 males and 26 females were captured in Bundey Bore, South Australia during September to December 2009 and faecal samples were collected.
Higher proportions (89.4%) of subjects were infected by two kinds of helminth parasites (Thelandros trachysauri and Oochoristica trachysauri) with an average of 1.3 eggs gm-1 of faecal sample. Male subjects had higher (100%) infection rate than females (80.8%). T. trachysauri was predominant (89.4%) parasite in study population but O. trachysauri was found in only (19%) male and (11.5%) female populations.
Keywords: Australia, Helminths, Parasitic egg load, Sleepy lizards

Abstract
The dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus is the causative agent of cystic hydatid disease in domestic / wild herbivores animals and man. Accurate immunodiagnosis of the infection requires highly specific and sensitive antigens. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate various immunoassays with principles of precipitation, agglutination and enzyme immunoassays for the identification of cattle infected with hydatid cyst. It would allow the monitoring of animals from endemic areas and identifying infected animals prior to slaughter. The immunoassays were developed and validated using hydatid specific, non cross reactive low molecular weight 8 kDa hydatid cyst fluid protein. Sera used for the assay validations were obtained from 150 cattle infected naturally with hydatid cyst and 150 non-infected cattle. The highest diagnostic sensitivity was obtained in Enzyme linked immuno electro transfer blot (EITB) at 87.5% followed by Latex agglutination test (85.5%) and Counter immunoelectrophoresis(75%) . The study demonstrated that EITB was most sensitive immunological test for detection of cystic echinococcosis in cattle. This test proved to be adequate for surveillance systems and for evaluating control programmes.
Keywords: 8kDa antigen, Cattle, CIEP, Cystic echinococcosis, EITB, LAT

Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the poultry finished feed samples collected from different poultry farms and local markets of Lahore, Pakistan. This study was conducted from July 2009 to June 2012 with each year divided into three periods i.e. July-October (hot and humid), November-February (winter) and March-June (moderate). During each period 80 samples were analyzed by competitive direct-Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent assay (CD-ELISA) constituting a total of 720 samples throughout the study. The levels of AFB1 in poultry feed samples were highest during rainy seasons (48.2±20.0, 51.6±22.6 and 46.0±19.8 µg/kg) followed by Mar-Jun (29.9±10.4, 27.2±9.72 and 28.8±13.1 µg/kg) and Nov-Feb (19.7±6.30, 16.3±6.76 and 17.1±6.20 µg/kg). The levels were below maximum tolerable levels (MTL) for poultry as recommended by US-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) i.e. 20µg/kg during winter seasons only. The highest level during this study was 119.2µg/kg in Jul-Oct (2010-11). Percentage of samples below MTL was minimum during rainy season and at the peak during winter season confirming a high production of AFB1 in stored feed during rainy season compared to other seasons. Poultry feed becomes highly contaminated with AFB1 during rainy season due to high humidity and hot atmosphere which gives best favorable conditions for the growth of different storage fungi. This is the first most extensive study of levels of AFB1 from poultry finished feed samples collected from different areas of Lahore (Pakistan).
Keywords: Aflatoxin B1, Lahore, Poultry finished feed, Pakistan

Abstract
The present study investigated the occurrence of an autosomal recessive genetic disease, bovine deficiency of uridine monophosphate synthase (DUMPS), in Indian Holstein cattle. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis was performed on routine screening of 86 Holstein bulls station at various part of the country to identify carriers of the disease. One of the bulls was found carrier of DUMPS. It is therefore recommended to screen breeding bulls for their breed-specific genetic disorders before they are inducted in artificial insemination programmes, to minimize the risk of spreading.
Keywords: DNA, DUMPS, Holstein cattle, PCR-RFLP

Abstract
In 4 x 4 LSD, four rumen fistulated Murrah bulls (6 yrs; 353 ± 8.26 kg) were fed four iso-nitrogenous complete rations comprising of jowar stover (T1), maize stover (T2), red gram straw (T3) and black gram straw (T4) and concentrate mixture in 60:40 proportion, to study the effect on rumen fermentation pattern. The mean pH values were lower (P<0.01) in T1 and T2 when compared to T3 and T4 while mean TVFA concentration was significantly (p<0.01) higher in T2 and T4 compared to T1 and T3. The ammonia N concentration was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T3 while residual N concentration was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T1 compared to other treatments. Time of sampling had a significant (P<0.01) effect on rumen fermentation. Peak concentration of TVFA was recorded 4 h post feeding while for N fractions it is 2 h post feeding irrespective of the treatments. Thus, it was concluded that feeding of crop residue based complete rations provided an optimum rumen environment in graded Murrah bulls for effective nitrogen utilization and total volatile fatty acid production Keywords: Complete rations, N fractions, pH, Straws, Stovers, TVFA