Abstract
Ipomea asarifolia, Commelina diffusa, Acalypha ciliata and Eleusine indica are medicinal plants with anthelmintic effects traditionally used in pig breeding in the Republic of Benin. However, data on their chemical composition and toxicity are not sufficient. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytochemistry and larval toxicity of I. asarifolia, C. diffusa, A. ciliata and E. indica, used in Benin. Aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts of the plants were obtained by maceration of the powders in solvents for 48h. Phytochemical screening of the different secondary metabolites present in the plants was performed on the basis of staining and/or precipitation reactions on the powders. Larval toxicity was performed on Artemia salina larvae obtained after the hatching of the crustacean eggs. The determination of the number of dead larvae according to the concentrations used allowed to establish the lethal concentrations 50. From the results obtained, it was found that the different plants contained several secondary metabolites including flavonoids, mucilages, reducing compounds, anthocyanins, anthraquinones, leucoanthocyanins, catechic tannins and gall tannins. Alkaloids were not identified in any of the plants. Toxicologically, all the Lethal Concentrations 50 are higher than 0.1mg/mL, reflecting no toxic character of the extracts at the tested doses. In sum, the plants studied are of interest in traditional medicine because of their interesting chemical composition and the absence of cytotoxic effect. These results justify their use in traditional medicine.
Keywords: Phytochemical screening, Medicinal plants, Cytotoxicity and Traditional medicine

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the hemato-biochemical parameters, oxidative stress indices and histopathological alterations in different organs after exposure of fish to calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2) as well as granular activated carbon (GAC) (unrinsed) as dechlorinator. A total of 96 Clarias gariepinus was divided equally into four groups in triplicates: Group 1 was kept as a control, while groups 2, 3, and 4 were exposed (daily) to Ca(OCl)2 at a concentration of 0.045mg/L water, GAC at a concentration of 50mg/L water and Ca(OCl)2 plus GAC at a same concentration of previous groups, respectively. The exposures were conducted for 96h after that blood and tissue samples were collected for performing experimental tests. The results revealed that significant increase in erythrogram and leukogram parameters, besides increase activities of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and concentrations of bilirubin fractions, total proteins, globulins, sodium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus and ammonia in all experimental groups. Fourth group showed insignificant increase in red blood cells and monocytes counts. Hyperalbuminemia was observed in Ca(OCl)2 group alone. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity and creatinine concentration were significantly decreased in all experimental groups. Malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide levels showed significant increase, besides superoxide dismutases activity was decreased significantly in all experimental groups in the liver, kidneys and gills tissues. In conclusion, chlorine caused hematological disturbances, hepato-renal impairment with oxidative stress. Despite the importance of GAC as dechlorinator, it caused several adverse results under the condition of this experiment, and this sheds light into the importance of safely use of GAC on aquatic organisms.
Keywords: Hematological, Biochemical, Oxidative indices, Calcium hypochlorite, Activated carbon.

Abstract
Dietary modifications of broiler feed aimed at improving chicken performance, lowering antibiotic use, and reducing feed costs. The study examined the effects of adding Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast fermentate (XPC) and xylanase enzyme to a low-energy diet on broiler chicken growth performance, serum metabolites, intestinal morphology, as well as litter quality. A total of 450 Ross-308, day-old chicks were randomly allotted to 3 diet treatments for 35 days. Group 1 (Gp1) received a basal diet, Gp2 received a low-energy diet (-120kcal/kg), while Gp3 received a low-energy diet (-120kcal/kg) supplemented with both XPC (0.625kg/ton) and xylanase (500g/ton). Following the experiment, chickens were sampled for their intestinal tissues, blood, and cloacal swabs, to determine intestinal morphological indices, serum chemistry, antibody titers, and microbiological counts, respectively. Samples of litter were taken to perform chemical and microbiological analysis. Dietary supplementation with XPC and xylanase to the low-energy broiler diet significantly increased the final body weights, carcass traits, and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P<0.05). Additionally, the microbiota of the birds’ gut, intestinal morphology and blood biochemical indicators were improved. On an environmental level, the use of dietary XPC and xylanase enhanced nitrogen and phosphorous utilization by the birds and lowered their excretion in broiler manure. Additionally, the microbial load of the litter was reduced (P<0.05). We found that feeding XPC and xylanase to broilers fed a low-energy diet (-120kcal/kg) improved broiler performance and enhanced litter quality.
Keywords: XPC, Low-energy diet, Litter quality, Gut histomorphology, Blood biochemistry.

Abstract
Vaccine immunity among Malaysian dogs with its diverse circulating serovars, is still debatable. The recommended vaccination protocol was implemented on a local level, but there was little local documentation of vaccine antibody titer production. This study evaluated the duration and magnitude of antibody titers before, during and after vaccination in both overtly healthy puppies and adult dogs. Puppies (n=20; 6-8 weeks) and adult dogs (n=20; 1-5 years old) were recruited. The dogs were vaccinated with a commercial quadrivalent vaccine (Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Grippotyphosa and Pomona) according to guidelines [World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA)]. Blood was sampled at pre- and post-vaccination up to one-year duration at intervals of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 weeks followed by 6, 9, 12 months. Serum was tested against the vaccine serovars using microscopic agglutination test (MAT) while whole blood for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The antibody titer in puppies ranged between 1:50 to 1:200 was present for 6 months whereas the adults had higher titer of between 1:50 to 1:800 for a duration of one year. The antibody titers detected was the highest and persisted the longest for serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae followed by serovars Canicola, Grippotyphosa and Pomona. All dogs were PCR negative throughout the study period. Consideration should be taken when interpreting MAT results of clinical cases with presence of vaccine antibodies, requiring paired serum for better serodiagnosis. MAT remains a gold standard serological method for diagnosis and surveillance, current findings may become a basis of comparison allowing better interpretation and improved usability.
Keywords: Immunity, Leptospira, Canine, Vaccine, MAT.

Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a highly fatal multi-systemic disease of wild and domesticated Felidae which is developed as a mutant type for the harmless feline enteric coronavirus (FeCoV). In Egypt, there is neither documented data about feline infectious peritonitis nor feline enteric coronaviruses till now. The study was performed to highlight on the clinical, pathological and some epidemiological findings for FIP diseased cats in Egypt. For this purpose, 169 cats (85 males and 84 females) of different breeds aged from 4 months to 8 years old were examined. Different technical methods were used to confirm the diagnosis of the clinically suspected cases including Rivalta’s test, immunochromatographic tests, ultrasonography, radiography, hematological testing, histopathology, and RT-PCR. Rapid immunoassay SNAP Combo tests were used to exclude viral infection causing resembling symptoms like feline immune deficiency and/or feline leukemia viruses. Nearly 90% of the examined cats (152 out of 169) have been identified as carriers for feline enteric coronavirus FeCoV. Typically, FIP clinical signs were observed only in the multi-cat household especially in animal shelters. 9 cases were identified with FIP disease from total of 169; FIP was nearly equal between both sexes (five males and four females) along with the higher incidence was observed in age above two years old. Clinical signs associated with FIP were recorded only in cats of foreign breeds (6 Persian, 1 Himalayan and 2 mixed breed) and no FIP clinical cases were reported in the Egyptian Mau cats. Frequent incidence of complicating diseases like FIP is considered a remarkable challenge for veterinarians especially in its diagnosis. Therefore, more attention and studies are required to ease and confirm the diagnosis of such diseases with less specific symptoms.
Keywords: Feline infectious peritonitis, feline enteric coronavirus, cats, Egypt.

Abstract
Camel milk is consumed unprocessed in Matrouh Governorate, due to a lack of refrigeration facilities during transport from the desert to market, as well as insufficient hygiene procedures along the milk chain until it reaches the customers. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella enterica in raw dromedary camel milk, as well as a comparison of conventional and molecular Salmonella enterica identification, gene sequencing, and antibiogram profile. 100 samples of raw camel milk (50 from markets and farms each) were collected at random from different districts in the Matrouh Governorate, Egypt, for microbiological examination. Salmonella enterica was found in 10% of market raw dromedary camel milk and 0% of farm raw dromedary camel milk using standard methods. The unique gene of Salmonella spp. was found in 6 and 0 of the tested isolates, respectively, by molecular identification using PCR for Salmonella (invA gene). Salmonella spp. or enterica virulence genes (stn and fimH) were found in all the isolates tested. In addition, MEGA X software was used to perform gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Salmonella enterica virulence genes. Salmonella enterica antibiotic resistance pattern was discussed. Moreover, Salmonella enterica isolates show high antibiotic resistance specially against Rifamycin (30µg), Erythromycin (15µg), Novobiocin (30µg). Finally, it was observed that the hygienic quality of raw camel milk was at stake, so strict hygienic practice and efficient heat treatment should be adopted to maintain food safety.
Keywords: Antibiogram, Camel milk, PCR, Phylogenetic analysis, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella Kentucky, Sequencing, Virulence genes.

Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a protozoan disease caused by Leishmania spp. and transmitted by sand-flies to different hosts. In Colombia, Leishmania has been reported in dogs from rural and urban areas. The aims of the investigation were to define the risk factors of Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) in canine shelters in municipalities of the Bucaramanga metropolitan area, and Barrancabermeja municipality, and to determine the seroprevalence for L. infantum. An observational study was carried out. The samples were analyzed with ELISA antibody anti-L. infantum (n=282). Epidemiological data about the risk factors were achieved by conducting a survey in these dog shelters (14 questions). The data were analyzed to determine the association between the variables under study and the results of the ELISA test. The seroprevalence of L. infantum was 4.3% in the Bucaramanga metropolitan area and zero (0/48) in Barrancabermeja. The dogs sleeping outdoor was associated with the odds for Leishmania in Bucaramanga (P=0.04). We have demonstrated the seroprevalence of L. infantum in canine shelters in the Bucaramanga metropolitan area, possibly by the high contact of dogs with Lutzomyia spp. vectors. This data may help to identify risk factors in similar geographical areas, assisting to design new control strategies.
Keywords: Risk factors, Seroprevalence, Leishmania.

Abstract
Ginger is an important medicinal plant in folk medicine. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory effects have been reported in ginger extracts. This study was performed to examine how ginger extract (GE) and vitamin E (Vit E) have affected the fertility in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. Sixty adult male rats were randomly assigned into six groups (n=10). Group 1 served as a negative control, while the other animals were intraperitoneally injected with Streptozotocin (50mg/kg) after fasting for 16 hours to induce diabetes. Group 2 was kept as a diabetic positive control. While groups 3 and 4 were orally given GE alone at 300 and 600mg/kg for 65 consecutive days to cover the whole spermatogenic cycle in rats, respectively. For the same period, groups 5 and 6 received GE (300 and 600mg/kg) plus Vit E (200mg/kg). Serum samples were obtained to estimate blood glucose, insulin, testosterone, FSH, and LH levels. Sex organs have been weighed, besides semen picture and histopathology of the testis were carried out. The results revealed that co-administration of GE and Vit. E increased the fertility index, weights of the testis and epididymis, serum testosterone level and improved semen quality in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Moreover, co-administration of GE and Vit. E caused hypoglycemia and hypoinsulinemia in administered rats compared to the diabetic positive control. Mild to moderate testicular degeneration and incomplete arrest of spermatogenesis were seen by histopathological examination of diabetic control group. Moreover, GE and Vit. E alleviated testicular lesions induced by diabetes, and improved spermatogenesis in treated groups. Conclusively, diabetic patients who are sexually impotent may benefit from a dietary supplement containing ginger roots and vitamin E.
Keywords: Male fertility; Ginger; Testis; Testosterone; Sperms; Histopathology; Vitamin E; Glucose.

Abstract
Newcastle disease caused by infection with the Newcastle virus is one of dangerous and important diseases that affect poultry and other avian species. It is a disease that affects all ages with and affects broiler as well as laying flocks, causing heavy losses as a result of infection, deaths and lack of egg production. This work was performed to assess the molecular and epidemiological status of the NDVs in different domesticated birds in Egypt. One hundred sixty-eight samples were obtained from distinct avian species, including turkeys, chickens, ducks, quail, pigeons, and ostriches during 2018-2020. After sample propagation on 9-days-old SPF ECE, NDVs presence were confirmed using conventional serological methods (HI) and molecular detection (RT-PCR) using primers targeting the Matrix and Fusion genes. The NDVs were confirmed in 20 samples (12.27%) out of 168 tested samples. Pathotyping of four selected positive isolates representing different investigated avian species revealed velogenic NDVs with ICPI was 1.67 to 1.96. Further characterization via using partial F gene phylogenetic and sequencing analysis revealed that the six tested isolates were had 112GRRQKR?F117 at the cleavage site of Fusion protein. All six isolates were clustered with genotype VII1.1 NDVs via phylogenetic analysis. The identified nucleotide sequences among the six NDV isolates ranged from 94.9% to 100%. This study revealed the continuous circulation of velogenic NDVs in different avian species although the intensive use of vaccines against ND so regular monitoring and surveillance must be applied to decrease its adverse economic effect on poultry sector in Egypt. The aim of this study is to know the epidemiological status of the Newcastle virus in different vaccinated and non-vaccinated avian species in Egypt.
Keywords: NDV, Genetic characterization, ICPI, RT-PCR, HI.

Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating pregnancy rates achieved with multiple ovulation and embryo transfer in Simmental cows, which are characterized by a high milk yield. For this purpose, eight cows were used as donors and for each donor, recipient groups of 10 animals, including both heifers and cows, were established. Recipients were synchronized by two intramuscular injections of prostaglandin F2? 11 days apart. The treatment of the donors consisted of the intravaginal placing of a CIDR on day 0, the application of 400mg FSH in decreasing doses, starting on day four, the administration of prostaglandin F2? and the removal of CIDR on day 8. The donors were inseminated twice on day 9 and once on day 10. Uterine flushing was performed, trans-cervically, on day 7 after insemination. The ovulation rate was determined as 12.25±1.42. Sixteen transferable embryos (2.0±3.23, 88.9%) were collected. The 12 embryos of Grade 1 quality and the 4 embryos of Grade 2 quality were transferred by transcervical route to 12 heifers and 4 cows, respectively. The pregnancy rates achieved in the heifers and cows were 50% and 25%, respectively (P>0.05). As a result, the MOET scheme applied in Fleckvieh Simmental Cows produced satisfactory superovulatory responses and resulted in the collection of quality embryos. The embryo recovery rate was poor but, overall, the ovulation rate, the quality of the collected embryos and the pregnancy rates achieved under field conditions in this preliminary study were considered to be satisfactory.
Keywords: Embryo transfer, Fleckvieh Simmental cow, Superovulation, Synchronization.

Abstract
The meat of the broiler chickens has created a huge demand among consumers. Phytobiotics attracted the attention as natural feed additives to improve meat quality and consumer acceptance. This study was conducted to investigate whether addition of Moringa Oleifera (MO) in broiler diets in different levels improve meat quality and meat chemical composition of broiler chickens. A total 150 a-day old broiler chicks (Cobb) were randomly distributed into 5 equal groups. Diets were formulated to contain approximately the same level of crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy. In the first group (control), birds were kept on basal diet. Chicks in second, third, fourth and fifth groups were fed on the basal diets supplemented with 1, 3, 5 and 7% MO leaves, respectively. Meat samples from the humanely killed birds (on day 42) were collected to measure pH and cholesterol level. Part of the meat samples was prepared for chemical analysis and Thiobarbituric acid number (TBA). The CP level was the highest in the thigh (P=0.002) and breast muscles (P=0.007) of birds fed 3% MO. In the same way, addition of 3% MO to the diet decreased the fat in both thigh and breast muscles (P<0.001). The pH of breast muscles was suppressed in birds fed 3% MO diet (P<0.05). The addition of 7% MO to the diet decreased (P<0.001) cholesterol level in breast muscle of birds. It was concluded that addition of MO leaves to the diet of broiler chicks improved meat quality and composition.
Keywords: Phytobiotics, Moringa Oleifera, Broiler chickens, Cholesterol, Meat quality.

Abstract
Effect of using inorganic and organic trace minerals premix on performance, carcass, and tibia bone characteristics and histological structure of ileum, liver, and tibia bone of broiler chicks were investigated. A starter (1-21 d) and a grower (22-35 d) corn-soybean meal diets were supplemented with inorganic trace mineral premix ITM (T1), organic trace mineral premix OTM (T2), or ITM+OTM (T3). The organic mineral premix had lower element concentrations than the inorganic premix. A total of 150 one-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were distributed into three dietary treatments (5 replicates x 10 chicks each). The results showed no significant effect of dietary treatments on broiler chickens’ body weight gain and feed intake. Birds fed organic trace minerals showed a significantly better feed conversion ratio than inorganic trace minerals. Organic trace minerals did not significantly affect carcass characteristics or tibia bone measurements except tibia ash%. Histological analysis of ileum revealed that broiler chicks fed diets with organic minerals significantly decreased villi length and crypt depth. The liver tissue and tibia bone were healthy and normal in all experimental groups. It could be concluded that organic trace minerals can be used at lower levels than the recommended levels of inorganic trace minerals not only without a negative impact on performance but may lead to improve feed efficiency and intestinal and bone histology. Further studies, using other parameters, are needed to prove the impact of different organic minerals sources and levels upon poultry production and environmental pollution.
Keywords: Organic mineral, Performance, Bone parameters, Broilers.

Abstract
Palm Oil Sludge (POS) had the potential as an ingredient of broiler ration. POS must be processed by fermentation of P. chrysosporium and N. crassa to increase nutritional value. This research aimed to evaluate the utilization of Fermented Palm Oil Sludge (FPOS) utilization with P. chrysosporium and N. crassa in broiler rations. This experiment used one hundred and sixty mixed-sex a-day-old chicks (DOC) Cobb CP 707 breed of broiler procured from Charoen Pokphand Indonesia. The broilers were placed in 20 wire cages; each unit consisted of 8 birds. Feeding treatment was carried out for 35 days. The ration was composed of 22% iso-protein and 3000 kcal/kg of iso-metabolic energy. The design of this experiment is a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications. Treatments were: T1) 0% FPOS (control diet), T2) 15% FPOS, T3) 20% FPOS, T4) 25% FPOS and T5) 30% FPOS in broiler ration. Feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, body weight, carcass percentage, and abdominal fat percentage) were found to be significantly (P<0.05) decreased with any treatment except carcass weight (P>0.05) as compared to the control group. In conclusion, FPOS with the combination of P. chrysosporium and N. crassa could be used up to 25% in rations of broiler.
Keywords: Broiler, Fermented palm oil sludge, Neurospora crassa, Phanerochaeta chrysosporium.

Abstract
Diabetes is a serious public health concern, and innovative, low-cost therapies to prevent or slow disease development are needed. Obesity is a globally epidemic disease threatening public health concerns and increasing the incidence of other diseases like diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Diabetes and obesity are related mostly to each other as they share common pathophysiological processes and lead to the same sequences, so changing the lifestyle are mandatory. The oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates leads to reactive carbonyl molecules. Also, advanced glycoxidation/lipoxidation end products (AGEs/ALEs) are formed, leading to cellular dysfunction. As a result, agents can detoxify these harmful molecules by creating unharmful molecules and reversing the glycated protein are needed. Histidine-containing dipeptides (HDPs) are proven through different studies to be one of these agents. HDPs are found in mammals, amphibians, and fish, with a wide range of ratios and concentrations. Anserine, L-carnosine, and homocarnosine are related dipeptides produced by vertebrate muscles. Carnosine and anserine can form unharmful molecules, which may alleviate some of the metabolic dysregulation seen in diabetes and obesity. Homocarnosine has shown anti-inflammatory characteristics, DNA damage, and AGEs inhibition. This review gives attention to the protective effects of histidine-dipeptides against diabetes and obesity.
Keywords: Diabetes, Obesity, Histidine- Containing dipeptides.

Abstract
The purposes of this study were to describe the anatomical structures of the pelvic limb of the cat by using the cross-sectional anatomy (CSA) and computed tomography (CT) scan. In this study, we used six adult domestic cats of both sexes. Identified the different anatomical structures of the pelvic limb in the frozen, fixed sections. The study created seventeen cross-sections in the pelvic limb of the cat with the concurrent CT images. The sections aimed to demonstrate the limb’s bones, muscles, and tendons and focused on the regional differences. The sections included the thigh, shank (leg), and metatarsal regions. Each region was sectioned on a proximal, middle, and distal level. The selected slices were three in the thigh, five in the stifle joint, four in the leg (shank), two through the tarsus, and lastly, three in the metatarsus (foot). The CT images were compared with the corresponding sections at the same levels, selected for their identity, and photographed. The relevant anatomical structures were spotted on the transverse slices and labeled similar structures on the matching CT images.
Keywords: Cat, CT scan, Cross-sectional anatomy, Pelvic limb.

Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy of topical cyclosporine A (CsA) diluted in vitamin E (CsA-E) to treat keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and chronic superficial keratitis (CSK) in dogs and proliferative eosinophilic keratitis (PEK) in cats. In addition, we also aimed to assess the safety and tolerability of topical CsA-E for dogs and cats. A total of 146 client-owned animals with chronic keratopathies: 96 dogs with KCS, 27 with CSK, and 23 cats with PEK were included in the study. All animals underwent a complete ophthalmic examination at the Visionvet Eye Clinic (Bologna, Italy). Eligible animals received a drop of CsA-E from one to three times daily depending on the severity of the lesions and the response to treatment. We analyzed the evolution of several clinical treatment responses (CTR) parameters at baseline and at three and six-month follow-up. All CTR parameters improved significantly in KCS and CSK dogs and PEK cats after topical CsA-E treatment at three and six-month follow-up, except for those symptoms barely present in our sample at baseline. No systemic adverse events were detected, but two dogs and one cat showed conjunctival hyperemia and blepharospasm after topical CsA-E treatment. Topical CsA-E was established as an effective treatment for KCS and CSK in dogs and PEK in cats. Vitamin E was deemed safe and tolerable for its topical use in animals and could be considered an adequate alternative to other oil-based solvents when considering CsA ophthalmic preparations.
Keywords: Vitamin E, Cyclosporine A, Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, Chronic superficial keratitis, Proliferative eosinophilic keratitis, Vehicle.

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) concentration isolated from ensiled Kumpai Tembaga on the growth performance, carcass yield, and meat quality in Pegagan ducks. A total of 100 Pegagan ducks aged were allocated at seven days into five groups with four replicates: Group 1 (control) and Group 2 to 5 (orally LAB addition with the concentration of 1×106, 107, 108, and 109 CFU/ml, respectively). The measured parameters included growth performance, carcass yield, and meat quality. The LAB supplementation significantly affected (P<0.05) the weekly feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio starting from the third week. Irrespective of the LAB concentrations, carcass, and breast cut weights increased (P<0.05) by 24 and 35.3%, respectively, after LAB supplementation compared to control. The percentage of breast meat and breast meat-to-bone ratio increased (P<0.05) by 4.0 and 48.05%, respectively, but the bone percentage decreased (P<0.05) by 9.5% after LAB addition. Again, irrespective of the LAB concentrations, the meat shear force declined by 48.05%. (P<0.05) after administering LAB compared to the control group. The free fatty acid level dropped by 31.68% in Groups 3 and 4 and continued decreasing by 44.10% (P<0.05) in Group 5. In conclusion, oral LAB supplementation with a concentration of 109 produced optimal growth performance after two weeks of administration. The LAB addition also improved carcass yields, which had a greater impact on the breast. The meat texture became more tender with a lower fatty acid content.
Keywords: Lactic acid bacteria, Kumpai Tembaga silage, Growth performance, Carcass, Meat quality.

Abstract
Ready-to-eat foods “RTEs” remain a public health issue that needs to be addressed to protect consumers’ health. The study assessed the hygiene of food contact surfaces, including the food handler’s hands and their impact on the microbial safety of the produced RTEs. A total of 150 samples of food contact surfaces swabs (64), food handler’s hand swabs (41), and RTE foods (45) were collected from four restaurants in Cairo governorate, Egypt, and microbiologically examined. Food contact surfaces swabs showed significantly high aerobic mesophilic microorganisms and coliform levels with mean counts of (7.32±6.99log10 cfu and 6.89±6.58MPN/cm2, respectively P<0.05). The examined hand swabs showed a high incidence of total Staphylococci and S. aureus (7.18±6.15 and 6.15±6.15log10 cfu/cm2, respectively). The examined swabs and RTEs were contaminated with yeast and mold with non-significant differences (P>0.05). Food-borne pathogens, S. aureus, and E. coli were isolated in percentages of (31.25 and 9.38%) from hand swabs, (19.51 and 12.19%) from surface swabs, and (0.0 and 22.22%) from RTEs samples. Remarkably, Salmonella was detected in only one sample (2.20%) of cheese-based products and one sample of hand swabs (1.56%), which suggests cross-contamination. Our findings reveal a strong positive correlation between surface contamination and the contamination level of RTE foods, which proves that food contact surfaces and handler’s hands are the main ways of pathogens transmission to RTE foods. Therefore, the training of food handlers needs to be prioritized, applying for effective sanitation programs, GMPs and HACCP.
Keywords: Cross contamination, Contact surfaces, Food safety, S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella.

Abstract
The growth and body morphometrism of weaned pigs on dietary treatment with Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) and garlic powder (GP) was incorporated in a sixteen-week study. The experiment adopted a completely randomized design in allocating landrace pigs (n=24) to four discrete dietary treatments, tagged (T1–T4), and replicated thrice. Pigs were fed basal diets improved with phytomicrobial treatment using LA and GP, i.e., T1, control; T2, 50g LA; T3, 50g GP; T4, 50g each of LA and GP 50kg–1 diet. Pigs were fed 4% of their body weight even as their weekly weights were determined. Daily records of feed intake (ADFI) and weight gain of test pigs calculate their feed conversion efficiency (FCR). Morphological measurements of pig’s height at withers (HW), chest girth (CG), and body length (BL) were on a bi-weekly basis till the completion of the study. Data generated and analyzed presented ADFI and FCR of T4 (1.16kg; 3.41) to be significantly different (P<0.05) from T1 (1.44kg; 4.97) but similar to T2 (1.26kg; 3.60) and T3 (1.25kg; 3.79). HW was superior in T2 (53.00cm) yet inferior (P<0.05) in T1 (47.54cm) and T4 (46.17cm). BL of T2 (81.08cm) was better (P<0.05) than T4 (75.02cm) alongside wider CG (72.33cm) than T1 and T4 (67.46 and 65.02cm). Consequently, we concluded that phytomicrobial dietary treatment using 50g each of LA and GP 50kg–1 diet improved growth performance of young pigs while 50g LA/50kg diet increased morphological dimensions for height and bulkiness to accomplish superior body morphometrism of the pigs.
Keywords: Direct fed microbial, Body morphometrism, Landrace, Spice feeding.

Abstract
This paper studies changes in the mass fraction of moisture the content of proteins and fats in turkey meat, depending on the thermal state. The research materials were the chilled parts of turkey carcasses. There had established that defrosted meat contains less protein by 0.5%, fat 0.2%, and moisture 0.8% than chilled turkey meat. The difference between the re-defrosted meat and chilled meat by protein content is 1.4%, fat content is 0.6%, and moisture is 2.9%. This result indicates a significant decrease in the nutritional value of turkey meat. Furthermore, substantial changes in moisture content were during repeated freezing and thawing meat. Thus, results indicate that meat does not meet the established standards and indicates a negative trend in turkey meat quality and consumer properties.
Keywords: Defrosted meat, Protein content, Fat content, Loss of water, Water-soluble proteins.

Abstract
We carried out this study to investigate the effects of a 300km road transport journey on the serum levels of bone formation and resorption biomarkers in athletic horses. The bone formation biomarkers included osteocalcin (OC), bone alkaline phosphatase (?-ALP), and the bone resorption biomarker included pyridinoline cross-links (PYD). Ten athletic horses were transported for 300 km on a paved road at 100 km/h. Sera were harvested before transport (T0), immediately after (T1), and 24 h of offloading (T2) and stored at -30ºC. The results showed significantly higher levels in the serum concentration of OC at T1 (17.05±2.12ng/mL) compared to its levels at T0 (12.95±1.92ng/mL), and its value became non-significant at T2 (15.33±3.99ng/mL). The serum concentrations of ?-ALP did not differ among the tested three-time points (T0=28.79±10.39U/L, T1=33.28±12.76U/L, T2=29.12±10.59U/L). The concentration of PYD significantly increased at T1 (10.32±4.39nmol/L) compared to its levels at T0 (6.81±1.59nmol/L) and T2 (6.46±1.03nmol/L). In conclusion, the transportation of horses for 300km at a speed of 100km/h significantly increased the biomarkers of bone turnover. This might indicate a significant alteration that occurred in bone metabolism during transportation.
Keywords: Bon; Biomarkers; ?-ALP; Horses; Osteocalcin; Pyridinoline.