Abstract
This review was written to emphasize the clinical importance of the trace elements selenium (Se), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iodine (I), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) in farm animals especially camels, cattle, sheep and goats. The deficiency of Se can have major economic effects by lowering fertility, causing placental retentions, and increasing the risk of metritis and mastitis. Se contributes to the development and function of cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells and helper T cells in the immune system. The Cu is a co-factor in numerous enzymatic processes that include the synthesis of collagen, maturation of red blood cells, the production of energy, the formation of hormones, and the defense against oxidative damage. When excessive amounts are present, it can be extremely risky. The Co is required for the formation of vitamin B12 by rumen microorganisms; thus, Vitamin B12 insufficiency is the result of Co deficiency. Co deficiency results in anemia that is both normochromic and normocytic, as well as anorexia, loss of body condition, and wasting of muscles. Decreased weight gain, photosensitivity and lacrimation, scaly ears, wool discoloration, cardiovascular diseases, and cerebrocortical necrosis are all indications of Co deficiency. Iodine deficiency is a common cause of disorders ranging from goiter to metabolic and neurological disorders. These disorders may occur from the embryonic stage until adolescence. Iodine deficiency in ruminants causes goiter, particularly in young animals, and consequently lowers the chance that lambs and newborns will survive. Animals may develop an iodine shortage for two reasons: low iodine intake and goiterogenic substance consumption. Fe is essential for several catalytic events, oxidative metabolism, oxygen transport, and cell proliferation. It functions as a cofactor for several proteins and enzymes required for the metabolism of oxygen and energy as well as for many of other vital functions. Zn is regarded to be necessary for the functioning of many proteins, important enzymes, and transcription factors because they bind to Zn. Mn plays a crucial role in the production and activation of several enzymes. It is involved in the metabolism of glucose and lipids, and it accelerates the synthesis of proteins, vitamin C, and vitamin B. Ultimately, even if trace elements are only needed in little quantities, their lack can result in many diseases and disorders in livestock, leading to significant financial losses Therefore, balanced diets are required to prevent such affections in camels, cattle, sheep and goats.
Keywords: Animals, Diseases, Pathophysiology, Ruminant, Trace elements.

Abstract
Enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens is an important disease in rabbits. Clostridium perfringens type A induces severe diarrhea, bloat, and high mortalities, especially among weaned rabbits. This study investigated the potency of inactivated vaccine formulations that protect rabbits against Clostridium perfringens type A by preparing two monovalent vaccines with different adjuvants (Montanide gel 01TM and aluminum hydroxide gel). Three groups of rabbits consisted of a control group that received 2mL phosphate buffer saline subcutaneously and two groups injected with 2mL of the prepared monovalent vaccines subcutaneously in 2 doses at three weeks intervals with two different adjuvants (Montanide gel and aluminum hydroxide gel). Antibody titers of the vaccinated rabbits were determined up to 11 months using ELISA and serum neutralization tests. The aluminum hydroxide gel vaccine was protected till 6 months with a protection rate of 80%, and the Montanide gel 01 TM vaccine was protected till 10 months with a protection rate of 90%. It is concluded that the Montanide gel adjuvant vaccine has a longer-lasting immunity than the aluminum hydroxide gel vaccine.
Keywords: Aluminum hydroxide gel, Clostridium perfringens type A, Montanide gel, Serum neutralization test, ELISA

Abstract
The antimicrobial resistance issue has been raised as a global concern. This condition was triggered by the inappropriate usage of some antibiotics related to knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP). A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Districts of Boyolali and Malang, Indonesia. This study aimed to assess farmer’s KAP on antibiotic usage in dairy farms and investigate the presence of antibiotic residues in fresh dairy milk samples. Forty-nine dairy farmers were interviewed to assess the KAP on antibiotic usage. One hundred and twelve (112) milk samples were collected from the farm and examined for antibiotic residue (enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The interview revealed that 32.65% of the farmers were concerned about the withdrawal period and acknowledged commonly using antibiotics for sickness treatment or prevention. Farmers did not purchase antibiotics but obtained them from veterinarians/para-veterinary field staff, and the most used antibiotics were tetracycline (32.2%), sulfonamides (20.8%), and fluoroquinolones (9.8%). The residues of enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline were detected in 4.46, 8.93, and 33.03%, respectively, in the concentration range of 22.4 to 662.2, 15.0 to 38.6, and 44.8 to 557.2ng/g. The doxycycline mean concentration was 84.72ng/g, and 27 of these samples exceeded 100ng/g. This study revealed significant concerns regarding doxycycline residue. These findings contribute to improving knowledge about the use of antibiotics and the presence of residues in dairy products and suggest practical measures to reduce the associated risks.
Keywords: Antibiotics, Usage, Dairy farmers, KAP, Milk, Residue

Abstract
The study aims to identify the species and serotypes of pasteurellosis pathogen isolates in cattle and saigas and to distinguish different species within this genus by analyzing their cultural, biological, and biochemical features. A commercial PCR kit was used to identify and confirm the pathogen Pasteurella multocida. Pasteurellosis pathogen isolates were fully adapted on nutrient agar and broth with 10% cattle blood serum. The isolates showed no motility in the experiments, which is characteristic of the pasteurellosis pathogen. The biochemical features of microorganisms were studied using Hiss’s medium. Cultures were grown according to the generally accepted methodology. After 16 and 24 hours of incubation in the thermostat, the results of carbohydrate fermentation were recorded based on changes in the color of the nutrient medium and the formation of gaseous substances. After examining the cultural and biochemical properties of the two isolates, PCR was conducted to re-confirm the results. The studies demonstrated that both pasteurellosis pathogen isolates belonged to P. multocida.
Keywords: Saiga, Cattle, Pasteurellosis, Identification, Differentiation, Biochemical features

Abstract
The Kazakh horse, an ancient breed native to Central Asia, holds cultural and historical significance in Kazakhstan. This study aimed to assess intestinal microbiota diversity in Kazakh horses, considering factors such as age, breed, and pasture type. The study was conducted in autumn-winter 2023, the research involved 24 horses aged 3-8 years from Pavlodar, Zhetysu, and Mangystau regions, grazing on natural grasslands. The study found that non-dominant bacteria, such as Tenericutes and Proteobacteria, were more abundant in horses from Pavlodar and Zhetysu. At the same time, the Mangystau region had higher levels of anaerobic cellulolytic and proteolytic bacteria. Horses on grazing had a more diverse microbiome than those on a high-protein diet. A link between lifestyle and microbiome adaptation was suggested, with 24-hour grazing promoting a richer microbiome. The microbiota in different regions revealed significant differences, with the Mangystau and Zhetysu regions showing highly diverse microbial communities. Horses from these areas even hosted unique bacteria associated with marine environments, likely due to the influence of seawater. In contrast, Pavlodar horses showed lower species diversity. The study highlights the importance of preserving the genetic traits of local horse breeds and suggests that gut microbiota plays a role in the growth and development of horses. Further research will focus on the resistome, metabolome, and the search for pharmabiotics to support the conservation and productivity of these breeds.
Keywords: Equine, 16S rRNA sequencing, Fecal microbiota, Intestinal microorganisms, Microbial community diversity

Abstract
North Maluku Province is home to 24 endemic bird species and is a global conservation priority area for biodiversity. This study aims to determine the genetic distance and kinship relationship between Ptilinopus melanosphila and Ptilinopus magnificus (GenBank) based on the mtDNACO1 gene sequence. The primer was designed using the online primer designer tool from NCBI, based on the Ptilinopus magnificus CO1 gene sequence. The gene sequences obtained from Gen Bank with access code KF446986.1 are used for comparison. After observation, the genetic analysis was edited, and some alignment was done using the MEGA 7 application, a reliable tool for genetic analysis. Data on haplotypic composition, nucleotide similarities and differences, and nucleotide transition substitution/transversion were also analyzed using the MEGA 7 application. The Walik Kembang Sula CO1 gene sequencing analysis results found that the total mutation points were 52 transversions, 566 monomorphic sites, and 52 polymorphic sites, while haplotypes and insertions were absent. The results of phylogenic tree analysis found three clusters, namely two in Ptilinopus melanosphila and one cluster in Ptilinopus magnificus, with boostroop values of cluster I and cluster II of 45%, I and III of 48% and II and III of 3%. This research is an input to related parties to carry out further handling.
Keywords: Genetic Distance, Kinship Relationship, Ptilinopus, melanosphila, mtDNA CO1, North Maluku

Abstract
The microbiome of fish plays a major role in preserving the population’s health and obtaining safe, high-quality products. Antibiotic treatment in aquaculture creates problems associated with the emergence of a resistant population of microflora, which can be transmitted to humans through food, direct contact, or the environment. Thus, it is a justified and promising research objective to search for methods to increase the fish population in commercial fish farming using effective probiotic and synbiotic preparations. The study analyzes the microbiome of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). The composition of fish intestinal microflora is studied using microbiological analysis with determination of resistance to antibiotics and biofilm-forming ability in the identified strains and molecular genetic identification of bacterial strains using Sanger sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene with phylogenetic analysis. The fish microbiome is found to include the representatives of the genus Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Corynebacterium, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Hafnia, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus. In fish with signs of pathological processes, the content of opportunistic microflora is significantly increased. The isolated pure cultures of microorganisms identified as Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas salmonicida, Aeromonas veronii, and Aeromonas sobria are resistant to six antibiotics (out of the 19 tested) and can form biofilms. In laboratory conditions, the probiotic strain Escherichia coli 39 SN shows antagonistic properties to the Aeromonas. These results can be used in the development of probiotics and synbiotics for aquaculture.
Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Aquaculture, Biofilm formation, Microbiome, Prebiotics, Synbiotics

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast on rumen fermentation metabolites and feed digestibility in Ongole crossed (OC) cattle with diets comprising different forage-to-concentrate ratios. Twenty-one OC steers were randomly divided into three treatments, P1: (control) non-yeast, P2: +yeast 1 (YST1), and P3: +yeast 2 (YST2). The cattle were reared for 21 days of observation with a 7-day adaptation period and 14 days of feeding treatment. The cows were fed concentrate and forage at ratios of 60:40 (low concentrate) and 70:30 (high concentrate) in different periods. Yeast was supplemented by 1g (1 x 108 CFU/head/day). The rumen fluid fermentation metabolite products measured were VFA, lactic acid, ammonia, and pH. The results showed that concentrate consumption was higher at the 70:30 ratio compared to the 60:40 ratio. The results of this study show that the performance profile of yeast YST2 at a feed composition of 60:40 concentrate to forage can regulate rumen pH, reduce lactic acid levels, and raise the proportion of propionate while increasing feed digestibility, thereby demonstrating that this probiotic offers greater potential to improve the production performance of Ongole cross cattle.
Keywords: Feed digestibility, Rumen metabolites, Ongole crossed, Yeast

Abstract
Treating injured animals is the basis for ensuring proper veterinary care for livestock. The study aimed to test the effectiveness of herbal ointments based on Artemisia lerchiana in treating aseptic and purulent wounds in animals. The experiment involved dividing 40 sheep heads into four groups. The wounds in two groups were treated with 10 and 20% A. lerchiana ointments. The third group received traditional treatment with Vishnevsky liniment. The fourth (control) group did not receive any treatment. The animals’ clinical parameters were measured during the treatment, and their morphological and biochemical blood parameters were studied. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of herbal ointments in treating wounds. On average, aseptic wounds healed 1-2 days faster, and purulent wounds healed 2-3 days faster than the traditional treatment method. A. lerchiana preparations did not cause side effects or negative consequences and contributed to immunity. Therefore, their further use in veterinary practice is recommended.
Keywords:Artemisia lerchiana, Infusion, Essential oil, Sheep, Hematology, Humoral factors

Abstract
The paper reports the results of studies on the isolation of Lactobacillus strains with probiotic properties for use as a fish feed supplement. For this purpose, a pure culture of Lactobacillus strains with probiotic activity was isolated from the intestines of fish, and molecular genetic identification of the isolated Lactobacilli was carried out by 16S RNA sequencing following the Sanger method. The amplicons of 20 bacterial samples with a fragment length of 790bp were obtained. The results of nucleotide sequence decoding are as follows: two nucleotide sequences were not identified, and fish pathogens causing intestinal disorder belonging to three species (Kurthia gibsonii, Kurthia zopfii, and Lactococcus garvieae) were identified from eight sequences. The remaining 10 strains were identified as Lactobacillus belonging to two species: Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactococcus lactis. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the nucleotide sequences. Catalase activity determination results confirm that the L. mesenteroides and L. lactis strains do not possess catalase activity. In contrast, air bubbles were formed when K. gibsonii strain was used, indicating catalase activity. These findings highlight the potential of L. mesenteroides and L. lactis as probiotic strains for developing functional fish feed supplements.
Keywords:Lactobacillus Strains, Probiotic activity, Fish feed supplement, Nucleotide sequences.

Abstract
This research evaluated the effect of protein and energy ratio in rations on consumption, digestibility, weight gain, blood mineral content, and blood serum parameters in pregnant Pesisir cows. The treatment factors included two levels of crude protein (10 and 12%) and two levels of TDN (60 and 65%). According to the results, protein and energy ratios did not interact significantly (P>0.05) with any measured parameters. However, the energy factor significantly affected nutrient digestibility and weight gain, with 65% TDN producing the highest values in both parameters. In addition, the protein ratio significantly affected blood glucose and manganese levels, where rations with 12% protein produced higher levels than those with 10% protein. The combination of rations with 12% protein and 65% TDN showed an increasing trend in almost all parameters, although not all were statistically significantly different. These outcomes recommend that growing the protein and energy ratio supports better metabolic performance in pregnant Pesisir cows, especially in improving feed digestibility, body weight gain, and blood metabolic status. Thus, rations with 12% protein and 65% TDN can be recommended as the best option to meet the nutritional needs of pregnant Pesisir cows during pregnancy.
Keywords:Pesisir cattle, Protein, TDN, Digestibility, Body weight, Metabolism

Abstract
This article discusses the administration of Budesonide (Entocort) in a seven-year-old Maltese presenting constant diarrhea, low serum albumin, and ascites. Initially, the dog exhibited a positive response to the dietary modification and prednisone; nevertheless, a recurrence occurred subsequently. We opted to provide Budesonide (Entocort) for one month in conjunction with Cannabidiol (CBD) oil. This resulted in an enhancement of clinical symptoms and the improvement of serum albumin levels. This study indicates that Budesonide, utilized in human medicine for chronic enteropathy treatment, in conjunction with CBD oil, may also be useful in dogs and is generally well tolerated.
Keywords:Chronic Enteropathy, Budesonide, CBD oil, Diarrhea

Abstract
Poultry meat production, particularly broiler production, is one of the fastest-growing agricultural sectors worldwide. Rapid growth within the global population and increasing expenditure of protein foods are contributing to the demand for high-quality poultry meat. Broiler meat occupies an important position due to its rapid maturity, nutritional properties, low fat content, and high protein level. This study aims to investigate meat productivity, nutritional, biological value, along with the quality of broiler meat concerning the incorporation of Opoka into the main diet. For the research, two groups of broilers, each consisting of 100 chicks, were formed at one day of age. These chicks were hatched from eggs of the Ross-308 breed. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Broilers of group 2 were supplemented with 20% Opoka to the main diet. Opoka was implemented in the broilers’ nutrition from the third day of life until slaughter. The incorporation of Opoka into the feeding regimen has resulted in increased live weight and carcass weight of broilers, as well as enhancements in the composition of vitamins, fatty acids, minerals, amino acids, chemical formulation, overall nutritional value of meat of broiler. A high survival rate of birds was detected in group 2 over the 42-day growth period. The use of Opoka positively influences the quality of broiler meat and enhances its nutritional value. The results of this research can be applied in the development of balanced feeding regimens, highlighting the relevance and significance of this matter.
Keywords:Opoka, Broilers, Biological value, Nutritional value, Quality of meat

Abstract
The study aimed to improve the methods of diagnosis and study the prevalence of deficiency of uridine monophosphate synthase (DUMPS), bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD), hypotrichosis (HY), and achromatopsia (OH1) genetic defects in cattle bred in Kazakhstan. Genetic screening of 360 animals of the Kazakh white-headed, Hereford, and Angus breeds to detect the HY genetic defect was conducted using the tetra-primer amplification-refractory mutation system-PCR method developed by the authors. The BLAD incidence rate according to the results of double DNA certification in stud bulls from the Asyl Tulik JSC was 13.0% in the first study and 6.25% in the subsequent one. The advantage of the developed screening method is an increased rate and the exclusion of the use of restriction enzymes to identify wild and mutant allele types, which leads to a reduction in the cost of diagnostic testing. The study also determined the location of the point mutation c.751G>A in the hereditary eye disease OH1 in cattle. Based on this, a PCR-RFLP method for diagnosing this genetic defect in the Alatau breed was developed, and the prevalence of the OH1 mutation in the studied group of animals was 3.65%. A further strategy for eliminating detrimental mutations in breeding animals provides for genetic screening using modern molecular genetic diagnostic methods proposed in this paper.
Keywords: Hypotrichosis, Achromatopsia, Hereditary abnormalities in cattle, Detrimental mutation elimination strategy

Abstract
This study aimed to examine the impact of synbiotic supplementation, precisely the combination of the probiotic Bacillus subtilis with banana flour as a prebiotic, on Nile tilapia’s growth performance, immune response, and gut health. The juvenile tilapia obtained from a regional aquaculture facility were randomly assigned to experimental groups that received different concentrations of the probiotic B. subtilis in conjunction with prebiotics derived from banana flour. Throughout the 63-day study period, growth metrics, including weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER), were evaluated regularly. The findings indicated that synbiotic supplementation markedly enhanced growth performance compared to the control group. The results of the hematological evaluations demonstrated elevated red blood cell (RBC) counts, hemoglobin concentrations and white blood cell (WBC) counts, which suggests an enhanced immune response. The histopathological examination of the intestinal tissues indicated that the synbiotic-fed fish displayed increased villus height, crypt depth, and goblet cell density, which suggests that their gut health and nutrient assimilation were improved. In summary, incorporating synbiotics in tilapia diets has resulted in enhanced growth performance, immune functionality, and gastrointestinal health, which presents a promising strategy for advancing sustainable aquaculture practices.
Keywords: Bacillus subtilis., Growth, Synbiotic, Tilapia

Abstract
In this study, a red macroalgae species, Palisada perforate (Bory) K.W.Nam, was processed as a supplement total mixed ration (TMR), which was used to evaluate the nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and rumen fermentation characteristics of goat. For this purpose, the impact of different levels of P. perforate (Bory) K.W.Nam supplementation were compared: P. perforate (Bory) K.W.Nam supplements at 0.0, 2.5 and 5.0% organic matter (OM). Twelve Kacang goats (body weight 16.85-31.80kg) were used in this study and grouped in a complete randomized block design with three treatments and four replications. The results showed that nutrient intake and digestibility (except crude protein) increased (P<0.05) with P. perforate (Bory) K.W.Nam supplementation at 2.5-5.0% OM. Adding 5.0% OM P. perforate (Bory) K.W.Nam on the basal diet also increased (P<0.05) nitrogen balance. Supplementing that seaweed at 5.0% OM increased (P<0.01) total VFA production, propionate proportion, and microbial protein synthesis. That treatment also decreased (P<0.01) acetate proportion followed by acetate propionate ratio, and methane calculation without affecting NH3 concentration and pH value still in normal range. It is concluded that the total mixed ration supplemented with P. perforate (Bory) K.W.Nam 5.0% OM resulted in the highest nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, VFA total, propionate proportion, and microbial synthesis protein. This treatment also resulted in the lowest acetate proportion, acetate propionate ratio, and methane prediction but did not affect NH3. This combination has the potential to increase ruminant productivity.
Keywords: Red seaweed, Palisada perforate (Bory) K. W. Nam, Digestibility, Small ruminant

Abstract
Weaning to service interval (WSI) is one important reproductive parameter in sows. Although several factors have been explored as risk factors of WSI, other factors may exist and need to be determined. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of original factors, including manual extraction of the piglet, farrowing duration, postpartum vaginal discharge duration, and stillbirth, and some already determined factors, including parity, gestation length, lactation length, and birth litter size, on WSI. Data were collected from 394 litters born from 394 mixed parity Landrace x Yorkshire sows on a farm in Vietnam. A forward linear regression was used to determine the significant risk factors for WSI. Linear regression analysis showed that parity, birth litter size, manual extraction of the piglet, farrowing duration, postpartum vaginal discharge duration, and lactation length significantly influenced the WSI. The average WSI was 6.2±2.8 days. By day 7 post weaning, about 75% of sows had been inseminated. Among the studied risk factors, manual extraction of the piglet (coefficient=0.874, P=0.003), farrowing duration (coefficient=0.235, P=0.001), and postpartum vaginal discharge duration (coefficient=0.452, P<0.001) was positively associated with WSI. By contrast, parity (coefficient=-0.294, P<0.001), birth litter size (coefficient=-0.096, P=0.022), and lactation length (coefficient=-0.1, P=0.005) negatively correlated with WSI. The results suggested WSI could be shortened via minimization of manual extraction of the piglet, reduction in farrowing duration and postpartum vaginal discharge duration, and selection of large birth litter sizes.
Keywords: Birth litter size; Farrowing; Manual extraction; Pig; Weaning to service interval.

Abstract
Bone fractures are considered a common cause of orthopedic surgery; it can lead to serious complications on animal health. This research was designed to demonstrate the effect of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) of Shilajit (Ag-NPS SH) on accelerating the fracture healing in a rabbit model. AgNPs were formulated through reduction with SH. The formed AgNPs-SH were characterized and identified for their size in diameter, charge and shape of the nanoformulation. Rabbits included in this study were arranged into 4 equal groups consisted of 80 adult male rabbits, creation of a bone defect (3.5mm cortical orifice) in the proximal part of right tibia of each rabbit was performed. Placebo saline, AgNPs-SH, Shilajit extract, and silver nitrate were injected at the bone defect zone in Groups 1 to 4 respectively. The bone healing process was evaluated for eight weeks; for all rabbits, postoperative anteroposterior and lateromedial radiographic views were obtained every two weeks. Precise interpretation of radiographic images was done at various times until completion of healing. The AgNPs-SH formed a pale opaque brown. Moreover, the AgNPs-SH were spherical in shape, and had absorbance of 4280nm. The diameter size of AgNPs-SH was 372.3±4.56nm and a surface charge of -23.7±1.22mV. Radiographically, the healing process was significantly (P<0.05) improved. A significant (P<0.05) increase of bone turnover biomarkers was reported in group 2 compared to other treated groups. Histopathologically, mature bone formation was reported on the 28th postoperative day in groups 2 and 3. AgNPs-SH colloidal nano-formulation could be used as a promising formulation to speed up healing process of tibial bone fracture in rabbit.
Keywords: Animals; Diagnostic Imaging; Nanoparticles; Radiography; Shilajit

Abstract
This study aims to molecularly identify Ctenocephalides species and detect Dipylidium caninum from fleas parasitizing dogs and cats in Vietnam. The study samples comprise twenty pooled flea samples collected from dogs and cats. Methodologically, DNA extracted from fleas was utilized for PCR amplification of a 1200bp region of the flea 18S rDNA gene and a 653bp fragment of D. caninum 28S rDNA gene. Subsequently, two flea-positive PCR products and two D. caninum-positive PCR products (one each from dog and cat) were selected for phylogenetic tree analysis. The results indicated that all 20 samples were positive in the first PCR, exhibiting a 1200bp band, which corresponds to the estimated size of the flea 18S rDNA gene. Furthermore, 4 of 20 samples in the second PCR displayed a band of approximately 653bp, which is consistent with the expected size of the D. caninum 28S rDNA gene. Phylogenetic analysis further revealed that the isolated fleas to be Ctenocephalides felis. The percentage identity between the two D. caninum isolates in this study was 94.1%, indicating that these two isolates belong to two distinct genotypes (D. caninum feline and canine genotype). This study represents the first report of D. caninum tapeworm detection from dog and cat fleas in Vietnam. Additionally, this research provides a cautionary note to dog and cat owners regarding the importance of flea elimination from their companion animals to prevent Dipylidium infection.
Keywords: Ctenocephalides sp., Dipylidium caninum, Dog, Cat, Vietnam

Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of catalase and hypotaurine on the rate of nuclear maturation, fertilization rate, and hydrogen peroxide concentration. This study was divided into three stages. The first stage is maturation media supplemented with catalase, the second stage is maturation media supplemented with hypotaurine, and the third stage is maturation and fertilization media supplemented with catalase, hypotaurine and a combination of both. This research employed compact cytoplasm and cumulus oocytes. After 24 hours in a 5% CO2 incubator at 38.5°C, selected oocytes matured. After maturation, 1.5×106 spermatozoa/mL fertilization medium was used in a 5% CO2 incubator at 38.5°C for in vitro fertilization. Oocytes were tested for hydrogen peroxide, nuclear maturation, and fertilization after 24 hours. The study indicated that 150IU/mL catalase led to the highest percentage of oocytes reaching metaphase II (75.4±3.3), with no significant difference (P>0.05) from other treatments. Adding 150IU/mL catalase lowered H2O2 concentration (16.6) (P<0.05) compared to the control (28). Hypotaurine increased oocyte MII to 6 mM (86.9±1.8) after addition, considerably different from the control (64.3±3.0) (P<0.05). The H2O2 concentration in the 6 mM treatment (22.9) was significantly lower (P<0.05) than the control (36.0). The maximum fertilization rate (78.6±2.7) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control (67.2±1.3) in the 150IU/mL and 6mM treatment. Hydrogen peroxide levels in the combination treatment (33.7) were significantly lower (P<0.05) than the control (47.1). In conclusion, catalase and hypotaurine supplementation promotes metaphase II and fertilized oocytes.
Keywords: Hypotaurine, Hydrogen peroxide, In vitro maturation, In vitro fertilization, Catalase

Abstract
According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, hypercholesterolemia contributes to over four million annual fatalities and more than half of coronary heart disease cases. Alterations in dietary patterns involving high-cholesterol and saturated fat foods lead to metabolic system abnormalities, impacting the digestive system, endocrine glands, reproductive system, immune system, and notably, the cardiovascular system. This study aimed to examine abdominal ultrasound imaging in Wistar mice (Rattus norvegicus) subjected to high-fat diets for 30 days to determine the concentration that can induce fat accumulation in visceral organs. The mice were categorized into five groups, each receiving a high-fat diet with varying concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2%) for 30 days. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed after the administration of the high-fat diet. The results showed that all control groups exhibited normal organ conditions. However, in the treatment groups, observations revealed no discernible boundaries of the atrial and ventricular cavities of the heart, indicating fat accumulation, visually identified as a hyperechoic appearance. In the liver, the entire treatment group displayed abnormal changes; the margins of the liver were hyperechoic in almost the entire liver, indicating fat buildup. Similarly, the spleen exhibited a hyperechoic image in almost the entire cavity. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that administering a high-fat diet comprising 0.5 to 2% of the total body weight of mice led to fat accumulation in the heart, liver, and spleen. This is characterized by a hyperechoic image, indicating fat presence and unclear boundaries between the cavities in these organs.
Keywords: High-fat diet, Hypercholesterolemia, Ultrasonography, Heart disease, Hyperechoic, Atherosclerosis.

Abstract
The excessive use of antibiotics in poultry farms has become a significant worldwide concern, including in Morocco, where it has led to the development of multi-resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). This retrospective study, conducted between 2019 and 2024, aimed to evaluate the evolution of antibiotic susceptibility profiles of APEC isolated from broiler chickens. A total of 93 samples were collected from various poultry farms across different regions of Morocco. The isolates were tested for their susceptibility to a range of commonly used antibiotics using standardized antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods. The results indicated alarmingly high levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among the APEC strains. Resistance to Amoxicillin was observed in 94.62% of the isolates, followed by doxycycline (88.17%), tetracycline (84.95%), flumequine (82.80%), enrofloxacin (48.39%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (46.24%), and florfenicol (27.95%). However, resistance to fosfomycin (7.53%) and colistin (6.45%) was comparatively low. Furthermore, the study revealed that 93.55% of the E. coli strains exhibited multi-drug resistance, defined as resistance to three or more antibiotic classes. This high prevalence of multi-drug resistance poses a significant threat to animal health, food safety, and public health due to the potential transmission of resistant bacteria from animals to humans through the food chain. The findings highlight the urgent need for prudent use of antibiotics in poultry farming to mitigate the rise of AMR. It is essential to implement stringent antibiotic stewardship programs, promote alternative measures for disease control such as vaccination, and enhance biosecurity practices on farms. Additionally, continuous surveillance and monitoring of antibiotic resistance patterns are crucial to define a national strategy to combat AMR.
Keywords: APEC, Colibacillosis, AMR, Broiler, Morocco.

Abstract
The research aimed to determine the presence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus spp. in goat herds in Can Tho City, center of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. A total of 456 nasal samples were collected from meat goats. These goats were of all ages, breeds, genders, and health conditions raised in small-scale farms and households in this city. Staphylococcus spp. isolates were isolated according to the instructions of Vietnamese standard TCVN 4830-2:2005 and the guideline of Barrow and Feltham; the results indicated that Staphylococcus spp. was detected in 24.78% of nasal samples. The prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. depended on age, breed, and farm styles, independent of health conditions. The Kirby-Bauer method was used to define the antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp. to eleven examined antibiotics. Those strains were sensitive to most of the examined antibiotics but were relatively resistant to ampicillin (41.59%), and four strains (3.54%) exhibited resistance to two antibiotics. The PCR detected antibiotic-resistance genes, including blaampC, aadA1, tetA, qnrA, sulII, and cat1. The PCR results exhibited that those Staphylococcus spp. strains harbored the gene blaampC at the highest rate (59.29%), followed by aadA1 (10.62%), but none of sullII and cat1 was detected. Moreover, 15.04% of Staphylococcus spp. strains insisted on two antibiotic-resistance genes. The high prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. exhibiting antibiotic resistance and diverse antibiotic-resistance genes has been a potential risk for causing severe respiratory diseases and difficulty treating goats in this region.
Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Can Tho, Resistant genes, Goats, Staphylococcus

Abstract
Mass mortality in early stage of cultured Asian seabass has become a major issue in aquaculture industry. This study aimed to investigate the causative agent of mass mortality associated of the scale drop syndrome in hatchery-produced Asian seabass juvenile. Multiple visceral tissues of natural sick fish were sampled for Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis using specific primer for nervous necrosis virus (NNV), megalocytivirus and scale drop disease virus (SDDV). Findings of this study showed that natural sick fish were negative of ectoparasites, NNV and megalocytivirus infection, but were positive of SDDV (The GenBank accession number for DNA sequence: OR507239.1 and OR507238.1). The natural sick fish appeared to be co-infected by pathogenic bacteria shown by a high population of Vibrio sp. sampled in skin ulcer. These results were supported by histological observation showing hemorrhage and necrotized cells in hematopoietic tissue. The experimental challenge in healthy fish injected with SDDV inoculum showed 100% mortality at 10 days post challenge. The visceral tissue of experimental SDDV injected fish demonstrated similar histopathological changes to natural SDDV infected fish. The overall finding in this study suggests that mass mortality of Asian seabass in hatchery was primarily caused by SDDV, while bacteria were likely to be secondary causative agent.
Keywords: Histopathology, Lates calcarifer, Pathogenic bacteria, Viral disease

Abstract
Apoptin from chicken anemia virus (CAV) is recognized for its anticancer potential. With over 800 available sequences, identifying the most effective variant is challenging. In this study, sequences were downloaded from GenBank, aligned via MEGA 11, and analyzed using Genesius Prime. Protein structure and database analysis were performed using Phyre 2. Results show an average genetic distance of 0.005, with 27 out of 121 residues were constant. The most frequent substitutions (S67N, L25S, V73A, C118R) were observed in varying frequencies across sequences. The artificial apoptin variant, featuring these substitutions, revealed an additional alpha-helix at the C-terminus. Phosphorylation and glycosylation patterns were mapped across sequences, with phosphorylation motifs identified at the peptide’s termini. It is recommended that apoptin with intact phosphorylation and glycosylation motifs be prioritized for anticancer applications.
Keywords: Apoptin; Apoptosis; Chicken anemia virus (CAV); Anticancer

Abstract
The research aimed to examine the potential of chicken feet skin in chicken sausages from the chemical-physical, sensory, texture, color profile, amino acid profile, and microstructure aspects. Chicken meat and feet skin were distributed in treatment formulations C0 (without chicken feet skin), C1 (5% chicken feet skin), C2 (10% chicken feet skin), and C3 (15% chicken feet skin). The chicken feet skin in the sausage mixture did not significantly increase the pH, protein, and ash content; however, it significantly increased the cooking loss, fat content, and antioxidant capacity of sausages (P<0.05) and decreased water content in sausages (P<0.05). The texture profile related to the hardness, stickiness, gel strength, and chewing power of the sausage significantly decreased (P<0.05), but the level of chewiness was not significantly different. The brightness level of sausages (CIE L*) and yellowness level (CIE b*) of sausages in the C3 treatment were significantly higher (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the level of redness (CIE a*) of sausages significantly decreased (P<0.05). The level of sausage color preference at the 5% level (C1) has no significant influence on C0. However, the effect was significant (P<0.05) on C1-C3. The flavor and taste of chicken sausage were not affected by the presence of the chicken feet skin. The total amino acid content of sausages was 10.02-12.89% and the dominant amino acids were glutamate, aspartic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine and arginine. SEM observations did not show any visual differences, especially in the distribution of fat globules in the sausage emulsion. The research conclusion is that the addition of 5–15% chicken feet skin is able to provide positive functional value, especially on the antioxidant capacity of chicken sausage, as an effect of the collagen content of the chicken feet skin.
Keywords: Chicken sausage, Chicken feet skin, Sausage characteristics, Antioxidant capacity

Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive mitochondrial genome sequence and a phylogenetic analysis of Jakumaru (Bos taurus), a prominent bull from a Peruvian breeding program. The mitochondrial genome, spanning 16,340bp, comprises 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes, with a GC content of 40%. The gene arrangement and structural organization are highly conserved, closely resembling those of related Bovine species, indicating a stable genomic architecture essential for mitochondrial function. Phylogenetic analysis, incorporating 35 complete bovine mitochondrial genomes, positions Jakumaru within Subclade I, revealing a close relationship with European Simmental cattle. The study emphasizes the biological diversity and the evolution of the Simmental breed, influenced by natural selection, breeding practices, and genetic drift. These findings enhance our understanding of the breed’s genetic variation and its evolution, particularly in the context of its importance in Peru.
Keywords: Bos taurus, Simmental breed, mitochondrial genome, phylogenetic analysis, SNP-data, Peruvian Genetic Nucleus

Abstract
Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) is a plant that contains active compounds, so it has the potential as a source of natural antioxidants to improve animal health. This research aims to analyze the supplementation of Moringa leaf meal on stress indicators, immunity and performance of quail in the growth period. This research used 120 quails with a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 levels of treatment with the supplementation of moringa leaf meal to the feed and 3 replications. The treatment levels included P0 (without moringa leaf meal), P1 (feed + 2.5% moringa leaf meal), P2 (feed + 5% moringa leaf meal) and P3 (feed + 7.5% moringa leaf meal). The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA (Analysis of variance) and descriptive analysis. The results showed that the supplementation of moringa meal to quail feed can reduce stress, improve immunity, and increase quail body weight gain. In conclusion, the supplementation of moringa meal reduces stress, increases immunity and body weight gain with the optimal level achieved at the 5% level of supplementation (P2).
Keywords: Growth, Immunity, Moringa, Quail, Stress.

Abstract
Numerous biomarkers are presently utilized to diagnose chronic non-specific enteropathy. Biomarkers are an effective diagnostic option due to their non-invasive and generally uncomplicated measurement. Alpha1 – proteinase inhibitor (c?1-PI), known as alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1-AT), is an early biomarker indicative of protein loss. This study evaluates the serum and fecal concentrations of c?1-PI in 50 healthy dogs at the Small Animal Clinic of the University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, categorized by age and size. Levels of c?1-PI were measured to investigate potential variations across these groups. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in c?1-PI concentrations among the groups stratified by age. A significant difference was observed in c?1-PI levels between groups of dogs classified by size. These findings suggest that size, rather than age, may influence c?1-PI concentrations in healthy dogs, highlighting the importance of considering body size when interpreting c?1-PI measurements in clinical practice. The mechanisms behind this connection and its consequences for the use of c?1-PI as a diagnostic biomarker require further investigation.
Keywords: Alpha-1-antitrypsin, Biomarker, Enteropathy.

Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a ubiquitous microbe occurring in the environment and in the intestinal tract of poultry. E. faecalis is often isolated from the hatchery environment, where it may cause embryo mortality and rapidly spread amongst hatchlings. E. faecalis can also cause amyloid arthropathy in older laying chickens. Although some E. faecalis isolates cause disease, there is evidence indicating that not all E. faecalis isolates are virulent. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS) is a technology which allows a bacterium to be speciated accurately and rapidly following initial isolation. Using avirulent and highly virulent E faecalis isolates as determined by an embryo lethality assay, a MALDI-TOF MS biomarker model was developed to differentiate avirulent from highly virulent E. faecalis isolates. The biomarker model showed agreement with the ELA results in differentiating individual spectra of E. faecalis isolates as either virulent or avirulent. However, the biomarker model did not reliably classify intermediate virulence isolates as either avirulent or virulent on a consistent basis.
Keywords: Enterococcus faecalis, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), Virulence determination.

Abstract
The effect of social stress caused by the repeated regrouping of cows of different breeds (Holstein, red steppe, and Simmental) on milk productivity and quality indicators (milk yield, fat, protein) and physiological parameters: hormones (cortisol and adrenaline) and general blood parameters (number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, red blood cells, and hemoglobin) were studied. It was found that the effect of social stress caused by repeated regrouping of cows – in different breeds is heterogeneous. According to the set of physiological stress biomarkers, Holstein cows were the most susceptible, manifested in their increased adrenaline levels by 48.87% and hemoglobin by 15.37%. Also, the Simmental breed of cows characterized a significant increase in adrenaline concentration (an increase of 73.53%). In comparison, relatively stable animals of the red steppe breed can be considered (excess of cortisol by 18.23%). At the same time, the regrouping of cows did not affect changes in productivity and milk quality, and the detected deviations of physiological indicators were within the norm. The results indicate that social stress from regrouping affects breeds differently. Holstein cows were most susceptible, showing increased adrenaline and hemoglobin levels. Simmental cows also had a significant adrenaline rise, while Red Steppe cows were relatively stable with minor cortisol changes. Regrouping did not impact productivity (milk yield) or milk quality (fat, protein), and physiological changes remained within normal limits.
Keywords: Cattle, Social stress, Cortisol, Adrenaline, Hemoglobin, Milk productivity.

Abstract
Veterinary clinical parasitology is a critical field that addresses the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of parasitic infections in animals, impacting both animal and public health. This study comprehensively analyzes global research trends in veterinary clinical parasitology, utilizing data from Scopus mined in July 2024. From 1961 to mid-2024, 2,836 articles were identified, with an average annual publication rate of 45 documents. The United States emerged as the leading contributor with 644 publications, followed by Brazil (421), the United Kingdom (287), Italy (241), and Spain (235). Key topics driving research in this field include veterinary medicine, DNA extraction, RT-PCR, parasites and co-infections, indicating their ongoing relevance and importance. Data visualization through VOSviewer provided valuable insights into the evolving research landscape, highlighting significant patterns and collaborations within the field of veterinary clinical parasitology. Continued advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols and preventive measures are expected to enhance further the control and management of parasitic infections in animals.
Keywords: Veterinary Clinical Parasitology; Research Trends; Scopus Data Analysis; VOSviewer; Parasitic Infections in Animals.

Abstract
Phytic acid, identified as an antinutrient in food materials especially in the soybean included jack bean, poses a challenge to nutritional absorption. Previous investigations have presented the promising functional attributes of lactic acid bacteria, such as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IIA-1A5, isolated from Indonesian local beef, has ability to produce phytase enzyme that can reduce pythic acid level in jack bean. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the functional properties of L. plantarum IIA-1A5 and the utilization of jack bean, in the production of fermented sausage to develop a prototype of probiotic sausage with beef as an ingredient. The results of the combination of beef and jack bean flour showed no significant differences in physicochemical characteristics and nutritional content between fermented sausages with or without the addition of L. plantarum IIA-1A5. The bacteria inhibited the growth of S. aureus and produced phytase enzymes at concentrations ranging from 0.003 to 0.064mg. Furthermore, the highest phytase activity from L. plantarum IIA-1A5 was found at 123 mU/mL. This study showed that the use L. plantarum IIA-1A5, in the fermented beef sausage combined with jack bean flour (Canavalia ensiformis), had the potential to develop functional food products.
Keywords: Fermented sausage, Jack bean, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IIA-1A5.

Abstract
Sero-epidemiological study on Leptospira infection was done in a closed cattle population. The epidemiology scope includes clinical symptoms, prevalence of infection, serovar of Leptospira caused infection, breeds infected, and its possible transfection to human. Serum samples of 980 cattle and 58 workers were collected in this study. All the serum samples were tested against Leptospirosis using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). Fourteen serovars of Leptospira interrogans were used as antigens, namely Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Ballum, Javanica, Celledoni, Pyrogenes, Cynopteri, Rachmati, Australis, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Bataviae, Tarassovi, and Dan Pomona. The data were analyzed using descriptive epidemiology. The study showed that Leptospirosis infected 62 cattle (6.32%). The infection was detected in Bali, Madura, and Onggole Cattle. The most prevalent breed of leptospirosis was in Bali cattle (7.55%). Several Leptospira serovars-infected cattle in the population were found, namely Tarrasovi, Hardjo, Grippotyphosa, and Batavia serovars (single infection) and Hardjo and Tarrasovi serovars (multiple infections). The most dominant serovar-infected cattle in this area was Tarrasovi (64.51%). The infection was not detected in humans, but it was shown that farm workers’ exposure to Leptospira spp. was very low.
Keywords: Leptospira, Leptospirosis, Cattle, Epidemiology, Serology.

Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the combination of probiotics (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) and Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) as a potential supplement for late-phase laying hens through antimicrobial, protease, and lipase activity tests. The research used a completely randomized design with three treatments (T1=1 Pro: 1 BSFL, T2=1 Pro: 2 BSFL, and T3=2 Pro: 1 BSFL) and six replications. The ratio of T3 (2 Pro: 1 BSFL) showed significant sensitivity against S. aureus (P<0.05) but showed no significant difference against E. coli and S. typhimurium. Additionally, the highest lipase activity was significantly (P<0.05) found in T3. In contrast, the T2 ratio (1 Pro: 2 BSFL) resulted in significantly (P<0.05) highest protease activity compared to the other combinations. This finding suggest that the T2 (1 Pro: 2 BSFL) can improve productivity in late-phase laying hens through enzyme stability, especially protease. Keywords: BSF larvae, Probiotic, Protease Activity, Lipase Activity, Antimicrobial Activity.

Abstract
A wide range of pathogenic viruses, fungi and bacteria have been identified in biomaterials from wild animals of 24 species living in the wildlife in Russia, including nature conservations, hunting farms, zoos and wild animal habitant centers. Epizootically significant bovine viruses e.g. rotavirus, coronavirus, infectious rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza-3, viral diarrhea viruses were detected in deer, mouflons, alpacas, monkeys, elephants, tiger. The clinically significant fungi of the genera Candida, Geotrichum, Trichosporon, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Beauveria, Phoma were isolated from skin lesions, respiratory tract, internal organs, muscle tissue, brain from wild animals of 14 species. Cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, S. cohni, Streptococcus parauberis, S. equi, S. suis, and S. bovis were isolated from deers of different species and mouflons with respiratory disease. In some cases, there was a strong correlation between the detected pathogen and pathology, in others, this relationship was not obvious.
Keywords: Wild animals, Viruses, Fungi, Bacteria, Wildlife infectious diseases.

Abstract
Protozoal infection is an important factor in reducing the productivity of farm animals. Pathogenic protozoa are able to affect the gastrointestinal tract and reproductive system. The causative agent of protozoal infection causing abortion and infertility in cattle is most often Tritrichomonas foetus. In order to determine the epizootic situation in the region, we studied the representation of pathogenic trichomonads in cattle of the Novosibirsk region. Using specific primers, we detected traces of T. foetus DNA in samples obtained from adult animals with clinical signs of endometritis and vaginitis from different farms. Also, vaginal mucus samples from these animals were examined by direct light microscopy, where active trophozoites of T. foetus were found, indicating the circulation of the parasitic protozoan in the cattle population of the Novosibirsk region. Keywords: Protozoal infection, Tritrichomonas foetus, Cattle.

Abstract
The work aimed to create dosage forms (infusion, extracts) from walnut leaves and bark, to experimentally study their toxicity, and use them to treat dyspepsia in calves. The study was based on observation, statistical analysis, and scientific experiments. The experiments were conducted with the division of calves into experimental and control groups. Laboratory tests included hematological and biochemical analysis. The experiments simulated pathological processes in animals in the vivarium of the Kazakh National Agrarian University and farms of Kazakhstan. The effectiveness of the preparation for activating the immune system was confirmed, and the dosage and method of use were determined. Regarding toxicological methods, general and special types of toxicity were used. According to the developed methodology, alcoholic and aqueous extracts and infusion from the medicinal plant collection were produced. The study developed a liquid phytopreparation derived from walnut (Juglans regia L.) containing bioactive compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, and essential micronutrients. The preparation was proven low-toxic (hazard class IV) with no significant adverse effects. Its application significantly reduced recovery time and normalized blood parameters in calves with dyspepsia, improving therapeutic effectiveness by 20–25% and reducing mortality by 30%. The findings offer a sustainable alternative to antibiotics, enhancing the health and safety of newborn calves in livestock farming.
Keywords: Medicinal raw materials, Extract, Cumulation, Toxicity, Clinical status.

Abstract
West Nile Virus (VNV) produces encephalitic West Nile Fever (WNF), a zoonotic disease that can affect birds, is a viral disease that can infect horses as well as other mammals, birds and humans as a result of infection by arbovirus – Orthoflavivirus nilense, from family Flaviviridae. Cases of dead affected wild birds during the summer season have been positively related to predicting WNV in human populations. We conducted the present study aiming to detect serological evidence of the WNV in horses in western and central Romania and in northern and southern Bulgaria. Previous studies conducted in neighboring countries – Serbia and Hungary, confirmed the presence of the virus in horse populations. Between July 2022 and July 2023, a total of 147 horse serums were collected from three counties in West Romania – Arad, Bihor and Timis, and one in central Romania – Sibiu. Additional sera were collected from Lovech municipality in North Bulgaria and Topolovgrad municipality in South Bulgaria. The presence of antibodies in the serum was detected using the commercial ELISA kit. In order to remove the cross-reactivity of the Usutu virus, another representative of the Mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus group, an epitope-blocking ELISA kit with specificity to WNV’s Glycoprotein E and absence of cross-reactivity with other Flaviviruses was used. The sera were further tested via RT-PCR for presence of the viral RNA. Seropositivity was confirmed for 45% of the sera in West Romania and for 63% of the sera in Central Romania; for 23% from North Bulgaria and 20% from South. All PCR results were negative, demonstrating an absence of the viral RNA in the horses’ body at the time of sampling. The study confirms the presence of WNV in horse populations of all tested regions. The results from the different countries and areas demonstrate that there is no difference between the populations in forested areas and those in field areas.Keywords: West Nile Virus, West Nile Fever, equines, ELISA, Zoonosis, Emerging, Endemic, Romania, Bulgaria; Banat.

Abstract
This study aims to examine the environmental factors that promote the proliferation of the ectoparasites Argulus and Aeromonas, as well as the impact of infestation on Chitala lopis. Fish rearing was conducted in the ponds that are 20×30×2.5 m3. Feeding with cyprinidae seeds and fresh vanamei prawns occurs ad libitum daily and was sustained for 60 days. DNA samples were obtained from the liver, gills, spleen, and kidneys of fish that died by Argulus disease. The study’s test parameters included weight, survival rate, and fish health indicators (erythrocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and glucose levels). The assessed water quality parameters were temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity, and total dissolved solids (TDS). A decrease in relative growth rate (-0.8±12.3%) and survival rate (84.3±11%) were observed. Positive DNA electrophoresis bands were observed in the liver and spleen. Erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and glucose were all within the normal range and did not decrease at all. However, the leucocyte value decreased to 125,291±77,929 ×103/mm3 at the end of the study. The water quality was within a suitable range for cultivation, except for low DO values (3.5±1.5mg/L), which might facilitate the development of pathogens. To avoid and safeguard Chitala lopis from attacks by Argulus and Aeromonas, it is imperative to implement periodic water quality optimization and quarantine of fry fishes outside the nursery.
Keywords: Giant featherback, Pathogen, Conservation, Ectoparasite.

Abstract
Coccidiosis is an infectious disease that affects small ruminants, mainly sheep, causing significant economic losses for the industry worldwide. Although the global prevalence of ovine coccidia is high, there is limited information regarding the prevalence of ovine Eimeria in Libya. The current study aimed to identify Eimeria species and their prevalence in native sheep in the Aljabal Alakhdar governorate of eastern Libya. 103 fecal samples were collected and examined using flotation, modified McMaster, and sporulation techniques. The overall prevalence of Eimeria recovered from the samples was 92%, with 12 species recognised depending on their morphological characteristics. The most dominant species were Eimeria ovinoidalis and Eimeria ahsata, accounting for 33.98% and 31.07% respectively. All sheep ages and sexes exhibited the presence of coccidian oocytes; however, lambs had a higher infection rate than adult animals. Also, the current results showed no significant difference in the prevalence of this parasite across the different regions. While Eimeria infection affects sheep growth in the Aljabal Alakhdar region, good hygiene practices and control measures should be implemented for lamb-fattening herds.Keywords: Coccidiosis, Eimeria, Libya, Prevalence, Sheep.

Abstract
In Bali, monkeys and humans share a close relationship that presents both opportunities and challenges. While this proximity enhances tourism appeal, it also raises concerns about disease transmission, particularly parasitic infections. This study aimed to identify the types and prevalence of parasites in monkey habitats across Bali, considering variations in location, altitude, and habitat characteristics. A total of 1,011 fresh fecal samples from long-tailed macaques were analyzed using the formol-ether method. The findings revealed the presence of various gastrointestinal parasites, including nematodes, trematodes, cestodes, and protozoa. The most prevalent parasite was Entamoeba spp. (83.44%), followed by Isospora spp. (31.6%), Balantidium spp. (29.87%), Strongyloides spp. (14.07%), Dicrocoelium spp. (9.31%), Diphyllobothrium spp. (8.23%), Ascaris spp. (3.25%), Taenia spp. (3.03%), and Trichuris spp. (1.84%). Altitude significantly influenced infections by Strongyloides spp., Ascaris spp., Dicrocoelium spp., Taenia spp., Diphyllobothrium spp., Entamoeba spp., Balantidium spp., and Isospora spp. Similarly, urbanization was found to affect infections of Strongyloides spp., Dicrocoelium spp., Taenia spp., Diphyllobothrium spp., Entamoeba spp., Balantidium spp., and Isospora spp. However, Trichuris spp. infections appeared unaffected by these factors. In conclusion, long-tailed macaques in Bali are hosts to a diverse range of parasitic infections, with altitude and urbanization playing key roles in influencing infection prevalence. These findings provide essential baseline data emphasizing the need for prevention and control strategies and increased public awareness of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites from long-tailed macaques to reduce the risk of transmission to other animals and humans.
Keywords: Bali, Gastrointestinal parasite, Long-tailed macaque, Macaca fascicularis, Monkey.

Abstract
This study aims to find out how to feed the Zophobas morio caterpillar (ZmC) so that broiler diets do not need as much fish meal. The study focused on performance, carcass quality, and physiological organs (liver, gizzard, heart, and intestine). This research utilized 200 broilers of the MB 202 strain. The study employed an experimental approach, utilizing a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and five replications. The intervention involved the incorporation of ZmC into the diet: RA (0% ZmC), RB (2% ZmC), RC (4% ZmC), and RD (6% ZmC). The measured variables included feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, live weight, carcass percentage, physiological organs’ weights (liver, gut, heart, and gizzard), and the percentage of abdominal fat in broilers. Variance analysis indicated that ZmC in the ratio had no statistically significant impact (P>0.05) on feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion, live weight, carcass percentage, abdominal fat percentage, or physiological organ percentage. This study suggests that ZmC can be incorporated into the diet at up to 6% while sustaining broiler performance and carcass quality.Keywords: Broiler, Zophobas morio, Performance, Carcass, Physiological organ.

Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate fish oil microencapsulation (FOM) using Uncaria Gambir Roxb. (UG) residues in vitro fermentation. At first stage, there were 4 treatments (T1=3% UG, T2=6% UG, T3=9% UG, T4=12% UG) and 4 replications. The results showed that unencapsulated oil (UO), encapsulated oil (EO), and efficiency encapsulation (EE) were significantly affected. The best treatment was at T4, with 11.33% UO, 17.29% EO, and 63.02% EE. The second stage evaluated FOM using 12% UG on in vitro fermentation. There were 5 treatments (T1=2% FO without protection, T2=2% FOM, T3=4% FOM, T=6% FOM, T5=8% FOM). The results showed that FOM using UG did not affect nutrient digestibility, pH, NH3, VFA branches, butyrate and protozoa population, yet acetate, propionate, and microbial protein synthesis were affected. It is concluded that UG can be used with 8% of FO.
Keywords: Fish oil supplementation, Polyphenol compound, Rumen, In-vitro.

Abstract
The safety and quality of fisheries products, particularly smoked fish, are critical public health concerns. Smoked fish sold in traditional markets are prone to contamination by pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., major causes of foodborne illnesses. This study aimed to assess the safety of smoked fish sold in Kendari City’s traditional markets based on the presence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. using microbiological tests compliant with Indonesian National Standards (SNI) 2526:2013 for hot-smoked fish. A total of 26 smoked fish samples were collected from seven traditional markets in Kendari City. The results revealed that none of the samples tested positive for E. coli. However, 17 samples (65.4%) were contaminated with Salmonella spp. Contamination likely occurred post-smoking due to unsanitary production environments contaminated by livestock waste and during sales, where smoked fish came into contact with fresh products such as chicken and meat. The high percentage of Salmonella spp. contamination highlights a significant food safety risk for consumers of smoked fish in Kendari City.
Keywords: Escherichia coli, Salmonella. spp., Smoked fish safety, Traditional market, Kendari.

Abstract
This meta-analysis evaluated the effects of dietary inclusion of microalgae on performance, health and quality of broiler chickens. A total of 18 journal articles obtained from the Scopus search engine were used as the database. Data of production performance, internal organs, blood hematological and serum metabolites, and fatty acid profiles in breast muscle were analyzed using linear mixed model methodology. Elevating microalgae levels in the diets did not affect feed intake, daily gain, organ weights, and health parameters of the blood. Dietary levels of microalgae had positive linear relationship (P<0.05) with C22:5n-3, C22:6n-3, and total omega-3 fatty acids levels in the breast meat of broilers while negatively affected (P<0.05) certain types of n-6 fatty acids. According to the type of microalgae, supplementing brown microalgae decreased the omega-6/omega-3 ratio (P<0.05), but no effects were found for the daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in broilers. In conclusion, microalgae supplementation in diet of broilers could be a promising approach to improve fatty acid profiles of the meat by elevating the omega 3 fatty acids while decreasing the omega 6, thus offers health benefits for human. The supplementation only limitedly affects production performance, internal organs and blood profiles of broilers.
Keywords: Broiler meat, Fatty acid, Meta-analysis, Microalgae.

Abstract
Reducing methane emissions is an important aspect of climate change mitigation, including in goat production. This study evaluated the effect of substituting forage with Binahong leaves on the performance and methane production of Indonesian local goats. This study used 16 Ettawa crossbreds with an average body weight ranging from 18 to 38kg. This study used a randomized group design with 4 treatments and 4 replications, namely P0 : 60% Brachiaria mutica + 40% concentrate; P1 : 55% Brachiaria mutica + 5% Binahong leaf + 40% concentrate; P2 : 50% Brachiaria mutica + 10% Binahong leaf + 40% concentrate; P3 : 45% Brachiaria mutica + 15% Binahong leaf + 40% concentrate. The observed variables were nutrient digestibility, feed intake, and methane production. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed Binahong leaf had no significant effect (P>0.05) on dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility (DMD, OMD), crude protein digestibility (DCP), neutral and acid detergent fiber digestibility (DNDF, DADF), DM and OM intake (DMI, OMI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency. However, Binahong leaf treatment had a significant effect (P<0.01) on hemicellulose digestibility and methane gas production. Additionally, there is a tendency for DMI and OMI to decrease, and ADG to increase, followed by an increase in feed efficiency, based on the trend of average values at the 15% level of Binahong leaf use. It can be concluded that methane production can be reduced without adversely affecting performance and nutrient digestibility by using Binahong leaves as a forage replacement in the diet of Ettawa crossbred (PE) which is up to a level of 15%. Keywords: Binahong, Performance, Ettawa crossbred, Nutrient intake, Methane production.